<p>Agassiz Glacier is in Glacier National Park in the USA state of Montana. It is named after Louis Agassiz, a Swiss-American glaciologist. The glacier is situated in a cirque to the southeast of Kintla Peak west of the Continental Divide. Agassiz Glacier is one of several glaciers that have been selected for monitoring by the USA Geological Survey&#39;s Glacier Monitoring Research program, which is researching changes to the mass balance of glaciers in and surrounding Glacier National Park.</p><br>
<p>The glacier is being monitored using remote sensing equipment and repeat photography, where images of the glacier are taken from identical locations periodically. Tree ring samples have also been used previously to determine the extent of glacier retreat. Between 1966 and 2005, Agassiz Glacier lost a third of its surface area.</p><br>
<p>Buena Vista Winery is a winery located in Sonoma, California, United States. It is the oldest commercial winery in California. It was founded by Agoston Haraszthy in 1857. The winery is located on its original grounds, just east of Sonoma, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Buena Vista Winery was founded in 1857 by Agoston Haraszthy.</p><br>
<p>Phylloxera would destroy the vineyards just before World War I and Prohibition would postpone any hopes of reopening the winery. In 1941, 435-acres of Buena Vista land was acquired by United Press news executive Frank Bartholomew at auction. He replanted some of the original vineyards and in 1943 he bonded the winery and became one of the first entrepreneurs to invest in the California wine industry after Prohibition. He would sell the property in the 1968 to Vernon Underwood of Young&#39;s Market. Bartholomew would retain most of the original vineyards, which would form the basis for Hacienda Wine Cellars.</p><br>
<p>Underwood planted a large vineyard in the Carneros region and built a new modern winery facility. The West German wine and spirits company A. Racke purchased Buena Vista in 1979. In 1984 they acquired 1,000 acres, making Buena Vista the largest vineyard estate in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Wine</h2><br>
<p>The winery produces 100,000 cases of wine including cabernet sauvignon, syrah, pinot noir, merlot, sauvignon blanc, zinfandel and chardonnay wines, as well as a host of unique historical varietals labeled under the "Vinicultural Society" label. The winemaker is Brian Maloney, with Consulting Winemaker David Ramey.</p><br>
<h2>Haraszthy Villa</h2><br>
<p>A reconstruction of Haraszthy Villa (also called the Palladian Villa) is located on Castle Road near Buena Vista Winery. The building, a part of the Buena Vista Winery California Historical Landmark title as #892-1, is a reconstruction of the original villa built by Haraszthy in 1857. It looks over the original Haraszthy planted vineyards. The reconstructed villa was commissioned by Antonia Bartholomew in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Tully Mountain, 1,163 ft, is a prominent, steep-sided monadnock located in north central Massachusetts in the town of Orange. An exposed east facing ledge on the summit provides views of the Millers River valley, Mount Monadnock, Mount Wachusett, and the Wapack Range. The 22 mi Tully Trail traverses the mountain.</p><br>
<p>There exists a Tully Mountain (Ireland) that, at 1168 feet above sea level, is almost identical in elevation to the Tully Mountain in Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The mountain drains into the Tully River, then into the Millers River, then to the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>The mountaintop is forested, except for a rocky outcropping (a monadnock) that faces due northeast; the rocky ledge of Tully Mountain is visible from surrounding small towns and is a defining characteristic of this small mountain. The form of the mountain is known as "ramp and pluck", as taught by science teacher Robert Coyle, Athol High School. The rocky vantage point is the "practical" summit of the mountain, as the geological summit is wooded, unmarked, and without views. The vista, looking afar from the steep ledge, features Mount Monadnock (Jaffrey, NH, approx 20 miles NE); to the left/north of Mount Monadnock is Mount Kearsarge (Merrimack County, New Hampshire); the tallest mountain in the distant southeast is Mount Wachusett; also visible is the church steeple of Royalston, MA, and three bodies of water: Tully Lake (due east, with views of automobile traffic across the dam), Packard Pond (including its private beach), and the lily-padded Tully Pond (south east). On a clear day, when trees are leafless, looking due south-southwest, some claim to see the Quabbin Reservoir between the distant hills. With spyglass magnification of 15x or more, the distant Quabbin Reservoir Observation Tower (approx. 25 miles south) is visible when peering far right (over the ascent from the cemetery). Visible in the near southern view is the town of Athol, Massachusetts, with its uptown (spires include the Congregational church and the Athol Historical Society; the Main Street coming directly toward the viewer), downtown (Starretts and Union Twist Drill smokestacks), the former Athol High/Junior High, now senior citizen building and various steeples of downtown churches, such as the Athol-Orange Baptist Church with the large brick casket factory behind.</p><br>
<p>The mountain actually has twin "peaks" topographically, having a smaller 856-ft elevation to its south, near Tully Pond, and is sometimes referred to as Little Tully Mountain. Little Tully Mountain is clearly visible from Tully Mountain, but is seldom climbed as it is forested.</p><br>
<p>Access to hike up the mountaintop of Tully Mountain is typically by one of three routes: (a) from a pathway starting at the Tully town cemetery, just south of Tully mountain, on a route that traverses Little Tully Mountain, or (b) from a small dirt parking area adjacent to the bridge over the Tully River, just west of the mountain, on Tully Road; this pathway follows a wide cart-path around the base of the mountain for about 1/4 mile, and then ascends along a yellow blazed trail, or (c) from a defined parking area at the terminus of Mountain Road near the base of the mountain on the side of the open rocky face, allowing a nice pathway ascent and views of your parked vehicle from the observation point. There is signage on the Tully trail indicating that Royalston Falls is approximately 10 miles, by foot, from Tully Mountain. Although there are blue and yellow blazes, There are no defined trailhead signs, and there is no fee. Total hiking time one-way to the vista is approximately 20-30 minutes, making this a common destination for hikers of all ages, active families, and teenagers looking for a spot to do what teenagers do.</p><br>
<p>Fort Washita is the former United States military post and National Historic Landmark located in Durant, Oklahoma on SH 199. Established in 1842 by General  Zachary Taylor to protect citizens of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations from the Plains Indians it was later abandoned by Federal forces at the beginning of the American Civil War. Confederate troops held the post until the end of the war when they burned the remaining structures. It was never reoccupied by the United States military. After years in private hands the Oklahoma Historical Society bought the fort grounds in 1962 and restored the site. Today the Fort Washita Historic Site and Museum is a tourist attraction and hosts several events throughout the year.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site is located about 12 miles northwest of the present-day town of Durant, Oklahoma, on Oklahoma Highway 199, just north of the confluence of the Washita River with the Red River. The original fortification was a massive expanse of over seven square miles, containing far more than ninety buildings and sites. It was not abandoned until after the end of the war, in 1865.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Five Civilized Tribes removed to the Indian Territory</h3><br>
<p>Eager to gain access to the lands of the Five Civilized Tribes in the southern United States the Federal government passed the Indian Removal Act into law on May 26, 1830. The first of the Indians to be removed, the Choctaws, signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek on September 27, 1830 effectively ceding their native lands in Mississippi and Alabama to the United States in exchange for lands in the Indian Territory. After traveling on the Choctaw Trail of Tears the Choctaws settled in the new Choctaw Nation, the southern part of the Indian Territory bordering the Red River.</p><br>
<p>The Cross Timbers, a thick line of nearly impassable trees and brush running from north to south, created an effective east-west barrier separating the flat, dry lands inhabited by the plains Indians to the west from the rolling prairies to the east where the Five Civilized Tribes were locating. These indigenous tribes included the Comanche, Wichita, Caddoes, and Kiowa. They occasionally threatened the removed tribes with raids. The Choctaws mostly settled in the eastern part of their territory since the western end was less secure against raids from the plains Indians, and they had protection from federal troops located at Fort Towson.</p><br>
<h3>Dodge-Leavenworth Expedition</h3><br>
<p>The first official contact between the United States and the plains Indians was during the Dodge-Leavenworth Expedition in 1834. Camp Washita, the precursor to Fort Washita, was established near the mouth of the Washita River to serve as a base of operations for the area. Two roads were cleared to the area, one from Fort Gibson to the north and one to Fort Towson to the east. Camp Washita was abandoned later that year.</p><br>
<h3>Chickasaw removal</h3><br>
<p>The Chickasaws were removed to the Indian Territory in 1837, paying $530,000 to the Choctaws for the right to live in their lands. After removal to the Indian Territory the Chickasaws were reluctant to settle in their district, composed of the west and central area of the Choctaw lands. The area was not secure against the plains Indians, since the closest federal garrison, at Fort Towson, was too far away to protect the area effectively. In 1838 the Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Western Territory, William Armstrong, asked the War Department to build a military post near the mouth of the Washita River to secure the area so the Chickasaws could move into their assigned territory.</p><br>
<p>Captain T. A. Blake led a company of Dragoons from Fort Towson to the site of Fort Washita in late 1841.</p><br>
<h3>Location and construction</h3><br>
<p>In response to the need to defend the removed Indians on the frontier the United States Army authorized the construction of a fort on the Choctaw lands west of Fort Towson. General Zachary Taylor, as commander of the Second Military Department in the Southwest, chose the site for Fort Washita in 1842 on high ground a mile and a half east of the Washita River and 18 miles north of its junction with the Red River. At the time the Red River was the southern border of the Indian Territory with new Republic of Texas. The fort was surrounded by rolling prairie. The nearest military post at this time was Fort Towson 80 miles to the east.</p><br>
<p>Fort Washita sat at a strategic point on the frontier. In addition to being located near the Red and Washita rivers there existed an ancient north-south trail through the area. In the Indian Territory this route was known as the Texas Road, leading from Missouri to Texas and beyond. This route was called the old Preston Trail after it crossed into Texas on the Red River near Preston Bend at Coffees Trading Post and later Colberts Ferry. Fort Washita became a major junction on this road. Later the Shawnee Cattle Trail used this north-south route and, just prior to the Civil War, the Butterfield Overland Stage crossed just east of Fort Washita.</p><br>
<p>Fort Washita was connected to Fort Towson and Fort Gibson by military roads constructed earlier. Later military roads connected Fort Washita with forts Arbuckle and Sill.</p><br>
<p>The Cross Timbers were located near Fort Washita, about 19 miles west of the Washita River.</p><br>
<p>Construction at Fort Washita began in the spring of 1842. The Chickasaw Indian Agency was built early on as a one-story log building with four rooms in a group of trees on the edge of the prairie 600 yards west of Fort Washita near the springs. Construction was carried out mostly by Companies A and F of the Second Dragoons, with a temporary log barracks in 1842. There were supply difficulties, since the fort was located so far on the frontier. Most materials had to be taken from the area, with a few supplies being shipped from Fort Towson.</p><br>
<p>Troops from Fort Washita were ordered to protect Texas frontier from Indian attacks in 1842 so Texans could muster against a supposed invasion from Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Fort Washita was almost abandoned in 1843 before it was fully occupied. General Taylor learned in March 1843 that the War Department was considering abandoning it. After Taylor testified to the fort&#39;s valuable location the War Department approved the plans to occupy the fort, and the United States Army occupied the post on April 23, 1843.</p><br>
<p>Bean Starr, one of the Starr gang, died at the hospital at Fort Washita after being wounded at a shootout on the Washita River 25 miles above the fort in the Autumn of 1844.</p><br>
<p>Had corral, stable area, blacksmith, farrier shops.</p><br>
<p>In 1845 Fort Washita was the only frontier fort not accessible by steamboat and had to rely on the interior for its supply.</p><br>
<h3>The Mexican–American War</h3><br>
<p>When the Mexican–American War began in May 1846 activity increased dramatically at Fort Washita. As a United State military post near Texas the fort served as a staging point for the war. Traffic on the Texas Road heading south increased during and after the war. During the war years the average garrison of 150 troops increased to almost 2000 troops. During this era Fort Washita served as the site of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indian Agencies. The Mexican–American War ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848.</p><br>
<p>The Chickasaws met at Boiling Spring near Fort Washita in 1846 and adopted a constitution. They met again at Boiling Spring on October 13, 1848 and created a more formal constitution, creating their own government separate from the Choctaws. As the Chickasaws moved into their own country near and west of Fort Washita they increasing needed protection from the fort against the plains Indians.</p><br>
<p>The temporary log barracks was replaced after the construction of the south barracks from limestone in 1849.</p><br>
<p>Commanded by Dixon S. Miles in late 1849 and early 1851.</p><br>
<p>Major Daniel Ruggles served at Fort Washita from 1849 to 1851 after the Mexican–American War and eventually commanded the fort. He was popular, and the small settlement west of the fort was named Rugglesville after him. It was sometimes called Rucklesville and later Hatsboro.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the Mexican–American War the 2nd Artillery Regiment, commanded by Colonel Braxton Bragg and made famous at the Battle of Buena Vista, was assigned to the fort. Bragg was later a General in the Confederate Army.</p><br>
<h3>Moving frontier and the Gold Rush</h3><br>
<p>Beginning after the discovery of gold in California in 1849 many settlers bounds for California traveled through Fort Washita headed west. Many emigrants to California chose a more southern route to avoid the cold winters, the snow, and cholera outbreaks that plagued the northern routes. The major obstacle to using the southern route was the indigenous plains Indians that lived along this route. Travelers gathered in large groups for protection while crossing to California. "It was customary for the emigrating parties to rendezvous at Fort Washita, where detachments would consolidate, elect their officers and make their final preparations before crossing Red River into Texas and straightening out on their long southwestern tangent to El Paso." In 1850 General Arbuckle, commander at Fort Smith, ordered the establishment of a fort west of Fort Washita to aid the protection of California emigrants. This fort became Fort Arbuckle.</p><br>
<p>Fort Worth was established June 6, 1849. The distance between Fort Worth and Fort Washita is 120 miles.</p><br>
<p>General Belknap, commander of Fort Arbuckle died on November 10, 1851 on an ambulance between Preston, Texas and Fort Washita bound for Fort Gibson to see his family. He was interred at Fort Washita.</p><br>
<p>The headquarters of the Seventh Military Department was transferred to Fort Washita in 1853. With it Major T. H Holmes commanded the fort.</p><br>
<p>The west barracks was built in 1856 from native limestone.</p><br>
<p>The two artillery batteries at Fort Washita were transferred to Fort Monroe, leaving on December 25, 1856.</p><br>
<p>By 1858 there was an east barracks, hospital, and surgeon&#39;s quarters all built from native stone, in addition to the wooden structures. A corral and stables on the hillside southwest of the fort supported cavalry operations. Cavalry comprised the bulk of the forces assigned to Fort Washita until the 1850s when it served as a United States Army Field Artillery School. Several Artillery units were assigned to the fort during this time in addition to infantry and cavalry. Forts Smith, Washita, Belknap and Arbuckle were abandoned temporarily in 1858 so their troops could be sent to Utah during the Utah War. The Fort closed on February 17, 1858 but was reoccupied later that year on December 29 after increased Comanche activity.</p><br>
<p>Fort Washita&#39;s importance as a military post waned as the frontier moved westward. The Chickasaw and Choctaw nations grew more settled and incursions by the plains Indians lessened. As the frontier moved westward new military posts were established farther west to protect the new frontier. The Army established Fort Cobb in October 1859.</p><br>
<p>Many men who served at Fort Washita would go on to become famous, including Randolph B. Marcy, George McClellan, William G. Belknap and Theophilus H. Holmes.</p><br>
<h3>The Civil War</h3><br>
<p>Federal troops still occupied Fort Washita when the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. Expecting war Colonel William Emory had concentrated all of his Federal troops from Forts Arbuckle and Cobb at Fort Washita. When news of Fort Sumter reached Emory on April 16 he led his forces to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, pursued by 4000 Texas militia one day behind them. Afterwards the Confederate forces seized Fort Washita. The Five Civilized Tribes of the Indian Territory sided with the Confederacy. During the Civil War Fort Washita saw no action, though it was an important supply depot for the Confederates in the Indian Territory. It also served as military hospital. Fort Washita became the headquarters of Brigadier General Douglas Cooper, who assumed command after the battle of Honey Springs. Other Confederate commanders during the Civil War include General Albert Pike, served as commander of Fort Washita for a short time before establishing Fort McCulloch a few miles to the east, and General Stand Watie. Near the end of the war, Confederate forces burned the existing buildings and abandoned the post. A confederate cemetery remains to this day on the fort grounds. United States military graves were exhumed and reinterred at Fort Gibson near Muskogee, Oklahoma.</p><br>
<h3>Abandoned</h3><br>
<p>After the Civil War Fort Washita was never reoccupied by the United States military and the grounds fell into disuse. On July 1, 1870 the War Department handed over the fort grounds to the Department of the Interior. The passage of the Dawes Act in 1887 and the Atoka Agreement in 1897 divided the communal lands of the Chickasaw Nation, including Fort Washita, into allotments owned by individual Chickasaw citizens. The Colberts, a prominent Chickasaw family, received the allotment of grounds including the fort. Department of Interior turned land over to Abbie Davis Colbert and her son. Charles Colbert turned the existing east barracks into a personal home and the site was used as a farm for many years. The remaining buildings were used in a farming capacity. The Colberts also used the cemetery as a family cemetery. The old west barracks continued to serve as the Colberts&#39; household until it burned down in 1917.</p><br>
<p>Douglas H. Cooper, once commander of Fort Washita and later commander of Confederate Troops in Indian Territory, continued to live at the fort after the Civil War. He died there on April 29, 1879, and was buried in the old fort cemetery in an unmarked grave.</p><br>
<h2>National Historic Landmark</h2><br>
<p>In the 1960s there was a renewed interest in Oklahoma&#39;s Historical Sites. The Oklahoma Historical Society was able to determine that at the Fort Washita site there were 86 structures, 50 foundations and 2 structures still standing.</p><br>
<p>Ward S. Merrick Sr. of Ardmore, Oklahoma contributed funds to the Oklahoma Historical Society for the purchase of the site from the Colbert family in 1962. At the time, William "Buck" Loper and his wife, Lela, lived in the current park headquarters. During the sale of the property to the Historical Society, the Colberts allowed the Lopers to stay until their death around 1963. They are both buried in the fort cemetery. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965 and in 1967 the Oklahoma State Legislature approved $10,000 for the reconstruction and restoration of the fort&#39;s grounds. In 1971 the Oklahoma Historical Society conducted an archeological dig and rebuilt the south barracks.</p><br>
<p>Today the Fort Washita site is home to Fort Washita Historic Site and Museum, Civil War reenactments, and a yearly Fur Trade Rendezvous.</p><br>
<p>On September 26, 2010, the reconstructed South Barracks was destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<h2>Commanders</h2><br>
<p>James Dean, Captain, 3rd Infantry May 1834-</p><br>
<p>George A. H. Blake, Captain, April 1842-</p><br>
<p>Thomas Faunteroy, Major 2nd class, October 1844-</p><br>
<p>Benjamin L Beall Captain assumed command December 1842.</p><br>
<p>W.J. Newton, Jan 1842</p><br>
<p>Benjamin L. Beall, Capt. Feb 1842</p><br>
<p>Benjamin L. Beall, Brev Maj, April 1843</p><br>
<p>W.S. Harney, Brev Colo., June 1843</p><br>
<p>B.L. Beall, Brev Major, Jan 1844-May 1844, Mar-May 1845</p><br>
<p>W.S. Harney, Brev Colonel (2nd Dragoons) June 1844</p><br>
<p>Theophilus Hunter Holmes May 1851 to December 1855.</p><br>
<p>The E.W. Marland Mansion is a 43,561 ft&sup2; Mediterranean Revival-style mansion located in Ponca City, Oklahoma, United States. Built by oil baron and philanthropist Ernest Whitworth  Marland, as a display of wealth at the peak of the 1920s oil boom, the house is one of the largest residences in the southwestern United States, and is known as the "Palace on the Prairie." It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973, and is now a museum open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Marland Mansion was built on the side of a small hill, higher on the west side than on the east, in an abandoned stone quarry that determined the placement for the mansion, as the excavations for the quarry was used for the construction of the swimming pool. Designed by prominent Tulsa architect John Duncan Forsyth, the mansion was constructed between 1925 and 1928, and influenced by the Palazzo Davanzati in Florence, Italy that Marland had visited while traveling in Europe. Crafted from light-colored, rusticated limestone blocks, quarried on-site, and set in concrete on a steel frame, the roughly u-shaped layout is 78 feet wide and 184 feet long. The main entrance is found on the west front and features an arched and buttressed porte-cochère with gabled, clay tiled roof, that shelters the arched, 11-panel, double wood entrance doors custom-made in New York. Under each of the four inside corners of the porte-cochère are sculptures of Marland&#39;s four hunting dogs, carved by Italian sculptor, Ernest G. Pellegrini. The windows with black painted metal surrounds, to contrast with the light colored stone, are asymmetrically arranged. The first level windows feature wrought iron grill work, while those on the second level are smaller, or have wrought iron balconies.</p><br>
<p>Large raised terraces are found on the north, south and east fronts, however they do not interconnect. The south fronts notable features include triple arched windows giving an arcaded effect and accented with stone balconies with flower carved corbels that flank the facade on the upper level. The drainage system is also exposed and displays the Marland monogram and the date "1927." The water from the system drains through a sculptured carving of Pan into a water feature located in a niche in the side of the terrace wall. Giving access to the terrace is a semicircular arched glass and wrought iron double doorway. The fanlight features a sunburst pattern with the tracery continuing down into the sidelights and doors with vertical bars. The arched doorway is replicated on the north facade in a set of three, continuing the arcaded effect. This arcade is highlighted by a stone cantilevered staircase to the left, with ornately carved corbels of mythological creatures leading to a second floor balcony adjacent to E.W. Marlands quarters. The east front is the only one that features a symmetrical facade, and where all three stories are evident due to the house being built on a hill. The first level has a set of three arched doorways that enclose a lounge directly below a terrace found on the second level, centered by a single arched entryway. On the third level are flanking rectangular windows with wrought iron balconies, mirroring those on the west front, centered by three small square shaped fenestrations.</p><br>
<p>The overhanging hipped roof, with stone corbeling along the roof line, features red clay tiles pierced by five large stone chimneys topped with Mediterranean style chimney caps. There was a sixth chimney situated on the north side of the house towards the rear that was destroyed in a storm and never rebuilt.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<h3>First floor</h3><br>
<p>The mansion is spread out over three floors featuring a total of 55 rooms, including 10 bedrooms, 12 bathrooms, 7 fireplaces, and 3 kitchens illuminated by 861 light bulbs. The layout of the house is generally a central hall plan, and as a result of being built on the side of a hill, the entrance hall is located on the second floor. Defining the space is a large stone arch flanked by two lower rectangular openings, through which a short flight of stairs lead to a landing behind the arch featuring a balustrade. Overhead are gilded domed ceilings, and the space is embellished with two stone carved night owls, peering out of the stairway niches through glowing red eyes. Below the arch, a grand stairway leads down to the first level, and to the Hall of Merriment. The hall is named due to the four whimsical carvings of men representing "Eat, drink and be merry," with the fourth figure taking a pinch of snuff. The hall today is the site of the Carl and Carolyn Renfro Gallery that feature replicas of the twelve statues entered in a competition to depict the Pioneer Woman.</p><br>
<p>To the left of the hall is the service area of the house including the main kitchen where a majority of the cooking was done, the staff dining room and pantry. On the right was originally a handball court for the amusement of family and friends, but has been re-purposed as the administrative offices for the Estate and the National Petroleum Hall of Fame. At the far eastern side of the house are two lounges, the inner lounge known as the Winter Room, and the outer lounge known as the Summer Room. The Winter Room has a large fireplace with a hearth that hides a small entry to a panic room that could have been used by the family during any dangerous situations. Above the concrete beams of the ceiling are decorated with artwork tracing the history of Oklahoma from the days of the pre-Columbian Native Americans through the discovery of oil by Marland Oil Company. The third kitchen is also located in this room and is known as the Hunt Kitchen as this is where guest assembled for breakfast before the fox hunts. Adjacent to the Hunt Kitchen is the secret Poker Room that concealed a hidden Whiskey Room and door to the 550 foot tunnel leading to the Boat House and Artist Studio. The ceilings in the Summer Lounge were designed and painted by Vincent Maragliotti free of charge and pay homage to the spirit of the 1920s.</p><br>
<h3>Second floor</h3><br>
<p>The principal rooms of the house are located on the second floor. To the left of the entrance hall is the Elizabethan formal dining room featuring wall panels of hand-cut pollard oak cut from an English royal forest, as well as a suspended cast plaster barrel ceiling that was molded at bench level, and then hoisted and wired into position to the structural beams. Adjacent to the dining room is a small octagonal-shaped breakfast room with plaster work representing the Tree of Life on the walls, and a service kitchen that featured once state-of-the-art appliances and counters made of Monel.</p><br>
<p>Accessed by a curved double staircase in the entrance hall, a multiple arched loggia with vaulted ceilings, featuring hand painted chinoiserie canvases, and a terrazzo floor with each tile individually poured between brass dividers, runs though the center of the house to the ballroom. Flanking the loggia are the sun room and living room where Marland displayed his collection of tapestries, paintings and works of art. The spacious ballroom features an ornate coffered ceiling that was gilded in $80,000 of gold leaf, and lit from imported Waterford crystal chandeliers with wrought iron bases that originally cost $15,000 each. To replace the ceiling and chandeliers today would cost an estimated $2 million. On the north wall are family portraits surrounding a large fireplace.</p><br>
<h3>Third floor</h3><br>
<p>The third floor, where the familys private quarters are found, is accessed by a spacious stone staircase with wrought iron railings, or by the original Otis elevator lined with buffalo leather; one of the first to be installed in the state of Oklahoma. E.W. Marlands wood paneled bedroom was done in the English Tudor-style, and features a carved wood mantel with two of Marlands favorite polo mounts. The room is filled with many original pieces of furniture that have been returned to the house over the years. The connecting bathroom includes an electric sauna, believed to be one of the first in the United States. The library was Marlands private study and was the headquarters for his campaign when running for the office of Governor of Oklahoma. Noteworthy in this room are the bookshelves that are topped with giant seashell designs, replicas of those found in the Oval Office of the White House. The Louis XV-style bedroom of his wife, Lydie Marland, is lined with imported lime-wood hand-carved panels with rounded corners, and a fireplace carved from Italian pink marble. There are a number of guest suites and bedrooms on this floor as well, including one named after Will Rogers where it is believed he stayed during his visits to the mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The grounds of the Marland Mansion are currently composed of 30 acre of gardens, lakes and ancillary buildings spread throughout the estate. The original buildings were designed to compliment the main house with rough-hewn stone facades and red clay tile roofs. Lydies Cottage was originally the chauffeurs quarters with garage space attached for the Marlands carriages and cars. Several architectural elements used in the mansion can be found in the cottage including a wood beam ceiling and a fish-scale stone floor in the entry. The house was remodeled by Forsyth with the addition of a bedroom and bathroom in the former carriage area, and the Marlands moved-in upon the sale of the mansion in 1941. E.W. Marland died here six months later of a heart condition, while Lydie Marland continued to live in the house, off and on, until her death in 1987. The cottage today contains the Marland Family Exhibit, that includes photos and artifacts from the familys presence in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma.</p><br>
<p>South of the cottage, is the Artist Studio featuring a two-story peaked roof structure on the south and north, with two one-story galleries and an arched walkway in between. Built for Jo Davidson, sculptor of the Marland family statues, the beams of the studio were recycled from one of Marlands first oil derricks. The south wing houses the Bryant Baker Gallery featuring 44 bronze and plaster maquettes and busts of Bryant Bakers work. Bryant Baker was the sculptor of the Pioneer Woman Statue, which was commissioned by Marland and is located in Ponca City. Also, a room in the gallery displays information and drawings of the architect, John Duncan Forsyth, who designed the estate, as well as many other homes in Ponca City and Tulsa. The Oil Museum is located in the north wing of the Artist Studio and showcases the history of the Marland Oil Company in the early 20th-century. The studio is connected to the mansion by an underground tunnel via the Boat House.</p><br>
<p>The Boat House is the location of a large underground wine cellar that is accessed by a safe door. It also functioned as a storage area for the boats that were used for the enjoyment of guest and family. Once on the edge of one of five lakes on the estate, this body of water along with three other lakes, and the T-shaped Olympic-sized pool, were filled in by a successive owner. Lake Whitemarsh is the only remaining lake, and named after Marlands yacht, which in turn was named for a lake in Marlands hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the height of the 1920s oil boom, E.W. Marland who controlled one tenth of the world’s oil, set about building a home that was befitting of his new station in life. The mansion was built on a 2,500 acre estate on the edge of town, and named The Refuge by Marland. Construction of the house began in 1925, employing dozens of European craftsmen, and was completed in 1928 at a cost of $5.5 million. Artwork and antique furnishings were purchased from around the world to fill the large mansion and gardens including French limestone sculptures of the family.</p><br>
<p>E.W. Marland opened his estate on June 2, 1928 to invited friends and family, who enjoyed a luncheon and an afternoon of equestrian events such as polo and fox hunting which he had introduced to Oklahoma. Due to a hostile takeover of his company in 1928 by J. P. Morgan, Jr., the Marlands only enjoyed living in the mansion until 1931, as the operation of the large dwelling depleted their much reduced finances. Moving into the Artist Studio on the estate, the mansion was only opened for special occasions, such as the Inaugural Ball to celebrate Marland becoming Oklahoma&#39;s 10th governor in 1935. Just six months prior to his death, Marland sold the estate to the Discalced Carmelite Fathers in 1941 for just $66,000. Marland kept the former chauffeur cottage and surrounding land, leaving them to Lydie in his will.</p><br>
<p>In 1948, the Fathers sold the estate to the Sisters of St. Felix who operated a private high school on the grounds. During their tenure, they built a number of structures on the grounds, though all have been removed except for Angela Hall, built in 1958, and still operating as a school. The Felician Sisters moved to New Mexico in 1975, and sold the estate to the City of Ponca City and Continental Oil Company, which transferred their partial ownership to the city, for $1.5 million. The mansion was opened to the public the following year, and since then has undergone continued renovation to restore the estate to its former grandeur.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Mount Petrie is a small mountain in the south east of the city of Brisbane. The 170 metre rise sometimes referred to as Petrie Hill, elevates semi-rural residential parts in the suburbs of Mackenzie and Burbank.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named after Andrew Petrie Superintendent of Works, Moreton Bay Colony, who climbed it to get his bearings when lost in the bush in the company of the Commandant of Moreton Bay Colony Major Cotton in 1838. It is believed that this was the first climbing of this mountain by white men.</p><br>
<p>The southern summit of the mountain has an abandoned triangulation station with a collapsed radio tower, while the top of the mountain has a trig tower for taking bearings and measurements. At the top of the mountain one can get great views of Brisbane and Moreton Bay.</p><br>
<p>For many years the undeveloped bushland around this hilly area was empty, except for the occasional dirt track. This was partly due to the proximity to the Belmont Rifle Range, around which access is restricted for safety reasons. The bushlands near Mount Petrie are an important habitat for koala, wallaby, and echidna colonies.</p><br>
<p>A few kilometres east of Mount Petrie is the Leslie Harrison Dam. This places the large hill in the catchment area for Redland City, another reason that development has been curtailed in this part of the city.</p><br>
<p>The construction of permanent facilities for the Western Corridor Recycled Water Project in 2008 had a significant impact on the bushland on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The other two tallest mountains in Brisbane are Mount Coot-tha and Mount Gravatt. The Gateway Motorway passes a few kilometres to the west of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>1942 DH-86 aircraft crash</h2><br>
<p>On 20 February 1942, a Qantas de Havilland 86 passenger aircraft, VH-USE "Sydney", crashed into the base of Mount Petrie, killing all nine people on board.</p><br>
<p>The Patrick Piggot House, also known as Angola Lodge, is located on Angola Road just east of US 9W in Cornwall, New York, United States. It has gone from being a farmhouse to a summer boardinghouse back to a private dwelling once again.</p><br>
<p>Piggot and his wife Ellen bought the property from local landowner Henry Chedeayne in 1869. That summer they contracted with Mead and Taft to build a farmhouse. They designed a simple Queen Anne home, less ornate than the Cornwall house that later became popular novelist Amelia Barr&#39;s Cherry Croft summer home. It had two storeys and a cross-gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>They and their seven children worked on the family farm until 1910, when the Chedeayne estate foreclosed on them after they failed to pay their mortgage. In 1916 it was sold to a Miriam Williams, who renovated and modified it slightly and then in turn sold it to Max Meyers. He found the house perfect for adaptation into a summer boardinghouse. The wide floors offered enough space for guest rooms and their symmetrical windows encouraged light breezes through the house. Downtown Cornwall and the Hudson Highlands were located short walks away.</p><br>
<p>Angola Lodge peaked in the 1930s and &#39;40s, after which vacationers began preferring shorter vacations located further away. Eventually it was sold and restored to its original use. The original windows and many of the original interior remains. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Unknown Confederate Soldier Monument in Horse Cave is a monument between Horse Cave, Kentucky and Kentucky Down Under, off the main road between Horse Cave and I-65 on the Old Dixie Highway, in Hart County, Kentucky. Among the various monuments of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission, all of which became part of the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 1997, it is an oddity for several reasons. First, though meant to imply an obelisk, it was constructed of local materials by a single individual. It was built during the Great Depression in year 1934, long after most monuments to the American Civil War. Instead of the typical limestone and marble from which most monuments were made, the monument uses geodes from Tennessee, a sedimentary/volcanic rocks in which crystals fill a largely hollow interior. The monument is 12 feet high, with a base of five feet square.</p><br>
<p>The monument honors an unknown foot soldier from the 11th Louisiana Infantry, who died prior to the Battle of Munfordville. He was part of a tree-cutting detail. Ordered to rest, he lay down beside a tree. His loaded rifle accidentally discharged when it struck a tree branch; the bullet entered his head below his chin and killed him instantly. The soldier was buried with rocks marking his head and feet. Years later, a wire fence was placed around the grave.</p><br>
<p>Local tradition says that a man named Sam Lively built the monument, fearing otherwise the grave would become lost.</p><br>
<p>The monument is technically on private property, but a path through the evergreen trees allows visitors access. A Confederate Naval Jack flies beside the monument.</p><br>
<p>The Inscription says:</p><br>
<p>Unknown Soldier C. S. A. was a member of Gen. Clay Anderson division 11th Louisiana Killed September 9, 1862. Erected 1934 by Sam Lively.</p><br>
<p>Doddington was an East Indiaman of the British East India Company . She made two trips for the EIC to Bombay, China, and Mokha. On her third trip she was sailing to India to remain there when she was wrecked on 17 July 1755 at Bird Island in Algoa Bay, near present-day Port Elizabeth. The ship was carrying a hoard of gold belonging to Clive of India, which modern treasure hunters looted. The controversy over these depredations resulted in changes to international maritime treaties to better protect underwater cultural heritage.</p><br>
<h2>Successful voyages</h2><br>
<h3>Voyage #1 (1748–49)</h3><br>
<p>Captain Benjamin Mason left the Downs on 8 June 1748, bound for Bombay and China. Doddington reached the Cape on 15 September, Cochin on 5 February 1749, and Tellicherry on 20 February, and arrived at Bombay on 28 March. She was again at Tellicherry on 1 May. From there she reached Kedah on 10 June and Malacca on 11 July, and arrived at Whampoa on 9 August. Homeward bound, she crossed the Second Bar (about 20 miles before Whampoa), on 4 December, reached Saint Helena on 3 March 1750, and arrived at Long Reach on 21 May.</p><br>
<h3>Voyage #2 (1752–54)</h3><br>
<p>Captain Norton Hutchinson left the Downs on 20 March 1752, bound for Bombay and Mokha. Doddington reached Lisbon on 10 April and St Augustine&#39;s Bay on 3 August. She arrived at Bombay on 9 October. She then spent the period 22 October to 13 November cruising, before again arriving at Bombay on 14 November. She sailed to Surat, which she reached on 26 December, and arrived at "Scindy Road" on 9 January 1753, before returning to Surat on 19 February. On 26 February she arrived at Bombay again. She reached Mangalore on 11 March and Tellicherry on 17 March, and arrived at Mokha on 16 April. By 16 September she was back at Bombay. From there she reached the Cape on 14 February 1754 and St Helena on 17 March, and arrived at Gravesend on 31 May.</p><br>
<h2>Wrecking</h2><br>
<p>Doddington sailed from Dover on 22 April 1755 bound to Fort St George in India under the command of Captain James Sampson. She was to stay in India. Doddington sailed in the company of Stretham (carrying Clive of India), Pelham, Edgecote, and Houghton. The ships were separated en route to Porto Praya, but re-united again at the port where they all stopped to take on provisions. On 27 May 1755, the three ships departed the Cape Verde islands together, but once again separated after Sampson took a more southerly route than the other ships. After seven weeks, Doddington rounded the Cape of Good Hope. After sailing eastwards for a day, she was on a heading of East-North-East, when at 1 am she struck a rock in Algoa Bay.</p><br>
<p>Of the original crew and passengers of 270, only 23 initially survived while the other 247 passengers and crew died with the ship. The castaways subsisted for seven months on fish, birds, and eggs on a nearby island, which they named Bird Island. One of their number, a carpenter, was able to help them build a sloop, the Happy Deliverance, on which they were finally able to get off the island on 16 February 1756. The sloop was seaworthy enough to take the survivors on an eventful journey up the east coast of Africa via St Lucia and Delagoa Bay, where the survivors sold her before travelling on to India. Captain Norton Hutchinson, now captain of the East Indiaman Carnarvon, took them on board and carried them to Madras.</p><br>
<h2>Salvage</h2><br>
<p>Doddington was carrying a consignment of gold and silver, known as "Clive of India&#39;s Gold", which was controversially looted in recent times by Port Elizabeth treasure hunters. A third of the 1,200 gold coins were eventually returned to South Africa after a four-year legal wrangle in London. The high-profile court case highlighted various shortcomings in both South African and international maritime law. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation monitored the case closely, as it set an important precedent for the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage that it subsequently published.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural ripple</h2><br>
<p>In September 1867, at the Theatre Royal, The Dramatic Club of Port Elizabeth staged a locally written play "Treasure at Woody Cape", dealing with the legend of the Doddington&#39;s treasure.</p><br>
<p>The Guardian Bank Building  is a high-rise building on Euclid Avenue in downtown Cleveland, Ohio.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1896 and stands adjacent to National City Center. At 221 ft tall, it was once one of the tallest buildings in America and tallest in Cleveland until 1905, when it was surpassed by the Rockefeller Building. The building was designed by the firm of Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge and remodeled by Walker and Weeks in 1915. It was converted to a Holiday Inn Express in 1999, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 2000.</p><br>
<p>In January 2010, Rosetta, the largest independent interactive agency in America, announced plans to move into the Guardian Bank Building. The plans, announced in conjunction with the signing of a 10-year lease, include stripping and remodeling the top five floors, building a new penthouse suite on the roof, and renaming the building. In March 2012, developers announced plans to convert five stories into 85 apartments.</p><br>
<p>Sequoyah&#39;s Cabin is a historic log cabin and historic site off Oklahoma State Highway 101 near Akins, Oklahoma. It was the home between 1829 and 1844 of the Cherokee Indian Sequoyah , who in 1821 created a written language for the Cherokee Nation. The cabin and surrounding park, now owned by the Cherokee Nation, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Sequoyah&#39;s Cabin is located east of Akin on the east side of OK 101 at a point where it makes a northward jog. The cabin itself is a single-story log structure with a gabled roof, on 10 acre of land that has a park-like setting. The cabin is now sheltered from the elements by a brick structure built in the 1930s. There is a bronze statue of Sequoyah outside. The house is maintained as a historic house museum and is furnished to appear as it might have when Sequoyah lived there. There are relics and documents associated with his life.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sequoyah was born sometime in the 1760s to a Cherokee mother and a white or half-breed father, on the ancestral lands of the Cherokee in the southeastern United States. Unschooled except in tribal ways and customs, he came to understand the value of writing, especially in dealing with adjacent British settlers. In 1809 he began to work on a writing system for the Cherokee language. The result of his work, the Cherokee syllabary, continues to be used today. In the 1820s he moved west, to instruct western Cherokees in the writing system. It is during this period that this cabin was built, in 1829.</p><br>
<p>The cabin was acquired by the Oklahoma Historical Society in 1936. The shelter over the building was built by the Works Progress Administration in 1936, and is surrounded by a 10 acre park.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, Cherokee Nation purchased the cabin and its property for $100,000.</p><br>
<p>Wheelock Academy was the model academy for the five civilized tribes&#39; academies. It was started as a missionary school for Choctaw girls, and is still owned by the Choctaw nation. The school closed in 1955 and the only remaining Choctaw school Jones Academy became coeducational. The site is located 3 miles east of Millerton in McCurtain County, Oklahoma. It is owned by the Choctaw Nation and is administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1832 the Academy was initiated by Alfred Wright, a physician and missionary who co-founded the nearby Wheelock Church. He and his wife, Harriet Wright, had travelled with the Choctaw tribe when they were expelled from their previous homeland in the southeasten United States and forced to emigrate to Indian Territory. He named the school for Eleazar Wheelock, founder of Moor&#39;s Indian School, later known as Dartmouth College. Within a year, the Superintendent of the Choctaw Agency reported that Wheelock Academy had become a model for Indian education. In 1839, Wright expanded the school by building a large dormitory.to accommodate boarding students. The institution he founded became the first Choctaw national academy in 1842.</p><br>
<p>Wheelock Academy was closed during the Civil War (1861 - 1865). It reopened for a short time after the war, but a fire in 1869 destroyed many of the buildings. Classes resumed in some of the less damaged buildings. The Choctaw Nation rebuilt the facility in 1880 - 1884, with assistance from the Southern Presbyterian Church. Although the Presbyterian Home Missions Board and the Federal Government became involved in administering the school, it remained owned and financially supported by the Choctaw Nation.</p><br>
<h2>Curriculum</h2><br>
<p>Children attending the Choctaw academies were ten to sixteen years old. When the boarding schools for females first opened, the girls were taught given English names and told that all instruction would be in English. They were forbidden to use their native language while they were at the school. The curriculum included sewing, making clothing and doing household chores. They also learned business skills, reading, writing and spelling in the English language. Additional courses included Arithmetic, music, and geography were also taught, and in some schools pupils learned algebra, geometry, USA history, chemistry, philosophy, botany, astronomy, painting, drawing, and Latin grammar.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>The 1898 Curtis Act had required the gradual closure of all tribal schools. By 1930, Wheelock and the Jones Academy in Hartshorne, Oklahoma were the only remaining Choctaw schools. In 1932, Wheelock became a United States Indian School. In 1955, its functions were merged with Jones Academy, and the Wheelock site was closed permanently.</p><br>
<h2>NRHP listing</h2><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Present condition</h2><br>
<p>Only seven buildings remain standing, most in deteriorated condition. Although the local people maintain the grounds, and one building, the former LeFlore Hall, has been turned into a museum.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, a news program noted that Delton Cox, treasurer of the Choctaw Nation was leading a project to restore the old academy. By then, all of the remaining buildings had been painted and reroofed, at a cost of $70,000. Complete restoration has been estimated to cost $3 million. Cox said that the Choctaw Nation would like to turn the restored facility into a college (which would be the first tribal-owned college in Oklahoma).</p><br>
<p>A 2001 report to Congress, National Historic Landmarks at the Millennium, listed Wheelock Academy as one of the "Threatened Landmarks in America". The report specifically cited deterioration, looting and vandalism as specific threats.</p><br>
<p>The Saint Joseph Parish Complex is located at 1730 South 16th Street in South Omaha, Nebraska within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Omaha.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Established in 1886, the congregation was founded "to serve Omahas German-speaking Catholics." St. Josephs continues with parishioners of German heritage comprising a large percentage of the church&#39;s membership.</p><br>
<p>The church was located in an area of German Catholics that was centered on South 16th Street and Center Street, and which was exclusive of Protestant Germans, who generally settled in a concentration centered on South 11th Street and Center Street where they built a German Methodist Episcopal Church in 1886.</p><br>
<p>The complex includes a church, a friary, a convent, and two school buildings. The friary, built in 1886, was planned by the same Brother who designed the convent and school in 1901. In 1928 a second school building was designed by Omaha architect Jacob Nachtigall.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Monument of Bowling Green, in Bowling Green, Kentucky, is among the sixty-one monuments of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission, all of which became part of the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 1997. It is within Bowling Green&#39;s Fairview Cemetery, on the east side of the old/northern side of the cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The monument is made of white limestone that was locally acquired. It cost $1,500 to build, attained by a subscription drive that ran from 1875 until the monuments dedication on May 3, 1876. The obelisk stands thirty feet tall, and is draped by a carved Confederate flag. A bas-relief of a painting popular in the Reconstruction-South, Henry Moslers "Lost Cause", which typified the devastation Northern invaders inflicted upon Southern homesteads, was placed on the front of the monument. Different reliefs are on other sides of the monument.</p><br>
<p>Statues of cannons pointed straight up are twenty feet away from each corner of the main monuments, and are eight feet tall. Cannonballs are depicted around the base of the cannon monuments.</p><br>
<p>A marker describing the monument lies in front of the monument, beside the cemetery road. The marker contains a factual error, saying that Thomas Hines was unable to make it to the dedication due to dying before then. In actuality, Hines would not die for another twenty-two years; his grave is in the same cemetery. Another problem with the marker is that it gives Henry Mosler&#39;s last name as Moseler.</p><br>
<p>Surrounding the monument are the graves of seventy Confederate soldiers, some of them unidentified.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built thanks to the efforts of George B. Payne. In 1875, he lived in Topeka, Kansas, but had served in the Confederate 4th Kentucky Infantry during the Civil War, spending much time around Bowling Green as he was a courier under General John C. Breckinridge. He desired a monument honoring the Confederate war dead buried at the cemetery. This caused the Warren County Monumental Association to form, with Thomas Hines, who had served as a spy under John Hunt Morgan but was now living in Bowling Green, serving as president. Popular support for the monument came from the barbaric actions of Union general Stephen Burbridge, who sought to murder Confederate soldiers for any reason, resulting in the deaths of twenty-two residents of Warren County in 1864. Prior to that time, the Union saw more support in the county, though the Confederate government of Kentucky briefly resided in Bowling Green 1861-1862.</p><br>
<p>Over ten thousand people came to the dedication of the monument. The dedication speaker was William Campbell Preston Breckinridge, who served as a colonel for John Hunt Morgan&#39;s 9th Kentucky Cavalry, and was instrumental in many veteran organizations for former Confederate soldiers.</p><br>
<p>One other Civil War monument is at Fairview Cemetery, the William F. Perry Monument.</p><br>
<p>Lake Winfield Scott is an 18 acre mountain lake located 10 mi south of Blairsville, Georgia in Union County. The lake, which is owned and managed by the USA Forest Service, is the source of Cooper Creek. It is the centerpiece of the Forest Services Lake Winfield Scott Recreation Area, a park which features hiking, fishing, boating and other outdoor activities. At 2,854 ft elevation it is one of Georgias highest altitude lakes. The various habitats surrounding the lake support a wide assortment of plants and animals.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Completed in early 1942, Lake Winfield Scott is a man-made reservoir created as part of the Civilian Conservation Corps efforts to establish recreational areas in north Georgia. It was the final CCC project in Georgia and one of the last in the nation, completed just after the United States entry into World War II. It is located in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains near Blood Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The lake was named after General Winfield Scott, a 19th-century United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. Known as "Old Fuss and Feathers" and the "Grand Old Man of the Army", Scott was a hero of the Mexican-American War and the first American since George Washington to hold the rank of lieutenant general.</p><br>
<p>By the late 17th century the Cherokee and Creek had begun to compete for the same resources and fought a battle at nearby Slaughter Gap. The Creek lost, ceding the Blood Mountain area to the Cherokee, who considered it a holy place. Archaeological evidence has been discovered that tends to back the story of the battle, but the date of the battle and its participants are still disputed.</p><br>
<p>In 1838, the American Indians were removed from the area by General Winfield Scott and forced westward along the "Trail of Tears" Farmers moved in later, and by the 1880s lumber companies began logging the area. On May 14, 1938, the lake was first opened to the public as part of the Forest Service&#39;s multiple-use plan for administering the Chatahoochee National Forest for the "greatest good for the greatest number of people."</p><br>
<p>During the 1990s, the USA Army Corps of Engineers rebuilt and strengthened the lake&#39;s dam.</p><br>
<h2>Location and surroundings</h2><br>
<p>Lake Winfield Scott is 4.5 miles east of Suches on Highway 180 and 7.1 miles west of USA Highway 19/129 near Vogel State Park. Two roads provide access to the park, although the north entrance is only for lake access. The south entrance leads to the campgrounds, hiking trails and lakeshore facilities. The hardwood forests surrounding the lake and in Sosebee Gap offer brilliant autumn displays, making it a popular destination during the leaf season.</p><br>
<h3>Wildlife and flora</h3><br>
<p>Like the rest of the southern Blue Ridge Mountains, the area surrounding the lake consists of many valleys, ridges and mountains formed by repeated plate tectonic movement and collisions, starting with the Grenville Orogeny nearly 1.5 billion years ago. The resulting landscape created diverse topology containing many different species of plants and animal. Much of the area is similar to Pennsylvania in climate, vegetation and wildlife. The lake is near the southern limit for Eastern hemlock and Eastern white pine. Coves in the area vary by elevation and topography, with second-growth oak and hickory more common in lower-lying areas. Forests surrounding the lake contain rich, high-altitude flora including rare wildflowers and ferns, such as Painted Trillium, which grows near Rhododrendron. Boulderfields near Sosebee Cove include Dutchman&#39;s breeches, squirrel corn, waterleaf and other herbaceous plants.</p><br>
<p>The lake area is populated with white tail deer, grouse and raccoon.</p><br>
<p>The deer population, which was extirpated by 1895, has rebounded since re-introduction by park ranger Arthur Woody during the 1930s. Over 100 species of birds inhabit or migrate through the area, including native songbirds such as the Canada, Blackburnian, Black-throated Blue, Black-throated Green and Chestnut-sided warblers. Also found are hawks, owls, woodpeckers, kinglets, thrushes, vireos, cuckoos, phoebes, chickadees, titmice, nuthatches, brown creepers, wrens, tanagers, grosbeaks, indigo buntings and red crossbills. Migratory species are present during the late spring and early fall, making the area popular among birdwatchers. The creeks surrounding the lake are rich with different species of salamanders.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The recreational area encompassing the lake includes camping, picnicking, boating, fishing and a variety of hiking trails. Motorcyclists refer to the area as the starting point of "The Georgia Triangle", a scenic riding circuit beginning on Highway 180.</p><br>
<h3>Fishing, boating and swimming</h3><br>
<p>The small lake is a local favorite for fishing. Lake Winfield Scott is stocked with rainbow trout and also contains local species of warmwater fish such as largemouth bass and sunfish. Also on the lake are a boat ramp, boat dock and swimming area with a sand beach. The Forest Service allows only man-powered and electric-powered watercraft on the lake.</p><br>
<h3>Camping and hiking trails</h3><br>
<p>The recreational area has camping loops offer 36 campsites, including 21 which can accommodate tents and RVs; these sites provide utility hook-ups. There is also a group camping area which accommodates up to 25 people. The area houses comfort stations with flush toilets and showers. There is also one cabin available for rental. The recreational area includes a childrens playground and picnic sites. The campground is open spring through fall and is administered by the USFSs Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest/Blue Ridge Ranger District.</p><br>
<p>There are three trails at the lake. The 0.4 mi Lake Winfield Scott Trail circles around the lake shore. This easy trail has portions which are wheelchair accessible. Jarrad Gap Trail and Slaughter Gap Trail share a common trailhead, located on the lake&#39;s southern tip. Both are approach trails to the nearby Appalachian Trail and are marked with blue blazes.</p><br>
<p>Slaughter Creek Trail passes through a hardwood forest on the south bank of Slaughter Creek for most of its distance, following a series of old roadbeds. It climbs 1,000 ft over its 2.7 mi path to Slaughter Gap (elevation 3,920 feet), where it intersects the Appalachian Trail at the base of Blood Mountain. The trail passes through thickets of mountain laurel and rosebay rhododendron along the way, and crosses the creek at one point. Also present are excellent spring wildflower habitats. The summit of Blood Mountain is 1.4 mi from Slaughter Gap along the Appalachian Trail.</p><br>
<p>Jarrard Creek Trail is an easy to moderate hike which leads southward 1.2 mi to Jarrard Gap (elevation 3,300 feet) on the Appalachian Trail. It follows Lances Branch creek through second-growth hardwood forests. Jarrard Creek Trail can be combined with Slaughter Creek Trail and a 2.1-mile section of the Appalachian Trail to form a six-mile loop hike that starts and ends at the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Valparaiso Moraine is a terminal moraine that forms an immense U around the Lake Michigan basin in North America. It is a band of high, hilly terrain made up of glacial till and sand. It begins near the border of Wisconsin and Illinois and extends south through Lake, McHenry, Cook, DuPage and Will counties in Illinois, and then turns southeast, entering Indiana. From this point, the moraine curves northeast through Lake, Porter, and LaPorte counties of Indiana into Michigan. It continues into Michigan as far as Montcalm County.</p><br>
<p>It was formed during the Crown Point Phase of the Wisconsin glaciation. At this time the glacier covering the area had grown thin, so it was restrained by the dolomite rock layers of the Lake Michigan basin. Where the glacier stopped, glacial till and sand was deposited, creating the hills of the moraine. After the Valparaiso Moraine was formed, the glacier retreated and formed the Tinley Moraine.</p><br>
<p>Many towns in northwest Indiana and northeast Illinois are named after the Valparaiso Moraine or the Tinley Moraine. Also, many small creeks or rivers start in the Valparaiso Moraine. The moraine itself was named after the city of Valparaiso, Indiana, where the moraine is narrower and higher than in other places.</p><br>
<p>The Valparaiso Moraine forms part of the Saint Lawrence River Divide, bounding the Great Lakes Basin. Water on one side of the moraine flows into Lake Michigan, through the Great Lakes, and eventually into the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River, while water on the other side flows into tributaries of the Mississippi River, which eventually flows into the Gulf of Mexico.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Turning eastward, the moraine enters Indiana. The moraine is 17 mi wide as it passes through Lake County, Indiana, covering nearly half of the county&#39;s midsection. As it passes through Porter County, Indiana, it is under the city of Valparaiso, from which it derives its name. Through Indiana, the moraine forms a "continental divide" between the drainage of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico by the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<p>The moraine then turns northeast, passing just north of La Porte, Indiana, through the county of the same name. Upon entering Michigan the moraine forms much of the shoreline of Lake Michigan northward through St. Joseph.</p><br>
<h2>Distribution</h2><br>
<p>The inner border is less than 15 mi and at its closest approach is only about 6 mi from Lake Michigan. The system is from 5 mi or 6 mi up to nearly 20 mi. It is narrowest in LaPorte County, Indiana and widest in Lake County, Indiana. In northern Illinois the moraines merge into a composite moraine, including parts of earlier stages.</p><br>
<p>The Valparaiso morainic system in Michigan includes the morainic belt along Lake Michigan, from the Grand River Valley south. In places it consists of two or more ridges. These ridges coalesce and separate repeatedly. In northern Van Buren County it becomes associated with the Saginaw moraine.</p><br>
<h2>Altitude</h2><br>
<p>The moraine runs between 650 ft and 690 ft above sea level, or 70 ft to 110 ft above the surface of Lake Michigan. From the inner border there is usually a rise of 100 ft or more. In some places of 200 ft or more. The crest in Illinois ranges from about 750 ft to 900 ft above sea level. The highest point is near Lake Zurich, in southern Lake County. The lowest is on the Des Plaines River, in Will County. In Indiana the crest ranges from 750 ft in Lake County to nearly 900 ft in LaPorte County. The Michigan section is 670 ft to 800 ft in near the St. Joseph River and north to the Allegan and Van Buren county line. In Allegan County the moraine has its greatest variation. The highest point is 900 ft, while the low point near the Kalamazoo River is a little above 700 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Thickness of the drift</h2><br>
<p>The drift across the Valparaiso moraine and outwash plains is the result of repetitive ice advances and intervening recessions. This drift and the drift from the previous ice sheets of the Illinoian and Iowan glacial periods are present across northeastern Illinois and northwestern Indiana. The early Wisconsin drift are similar to that of the Valparaiso drift that identification of each period is not currently possible.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Moraine Nature Preserve is located north of Valparaiso, Indiana, east of State Route 49 and south of US Route 6 on County Road 750 North (Meska Rd). Indiana Department of Natural Resources maintains 809 acres. The preserve has numerous trails through rolling ridges and steep hills left by the glaciers. The area includes potholes and a shallow pond. It is covered by a mature beech-maple forest on the high ground and buttonbush and black willow in the ravines, potholes and near the pond.</p><br>
<h2>Correlative moraines</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Erie basin has two moraines of the same age as the Valparaiso Moraine, the Mississinewa Moraine and the Union Moraine. These moraines formed from the Lake Erie Lobe of the continental glacier. In Michigan the Kalamazoo Moraine is of the same time period. It is the result of the Saginaw lobe of the Laurentian glacier.</p><br>
<p>The William F. Perry Monument is an historical gravestone located at Fairview Cemetery in Bowling Green, Kentucky. It is an oversized limestone headstone.</p><br>
<p>It honors Confederate general William F. Perry of the Army of Northern Virginia, who would after the war serve on the faculty of Ogden College in Bowling Green, which is now Western Kentucky University. It was placed to honor him by his students at the college when he died on December 7, 1901, and made a correlation on how Perry&#39;s service for the Confederate States of America translated into becoming a revered professor by his students.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1997, it was one of sixty-one different monuments to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. One other monument on the list, the Confederate Monument of Bowling Green, is nearby in Fairview Cemetery as well.</p><br>
<p>Fylakio  is a village in the Evros regional unit of northeast Greece. Fylakio is in the municipal unit of Kyprinos. In 2011 the population of Fylakio was 595 for the village and 971 for the community, including the villages Ammovouno and Keramos. It is located on the right bank of the river Ardas, about halfway between Ivaylovgrad  and Edirne .</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Towards the end of Ottoman rule, Fylakio&#39;s inhabitants were 3/4 Bulgarian and 1/4 Turkish. After a brief period of Bulgarian rule between 1913 and 1919, it became part of Greece. Greek refugees from Asia Minor arrived in the village following the end of the war.</p><br>
<h2>Fylakio detention center</h2><br>
<p>South east of the village there is an immigration detention center housing people arrested for illegally crossing the nearby border with Turkey.</p><br>
<p>Zoni  is a village in the northern part of the Evros regional unit in Greece. Zoni is in the municipal unit of Kyprinos. In 2011 its population was 150 for the village and 449 for the municipal district, including the villages Chelidona and Mikra Doxipara. It is located close to the border with Bulgaria, south of Kyprinos village, and east of Ivaylovgrad, Bulgaria. Zoni is on the Greek National Road 53 .</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village was founded by the Ottoman Turks. Its inhabitants were 3/4 Bulgarian and 1/4 Turkish before the village was annexed by Greece from Bulgaria in 1920 and before the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922), when Greek refugees from Eastern Thrace and Asia Minor settled into the village. Its Turkish name was changed to the current Zoni.</p><br>
<p>The Nationality Rooms are a collection of 30 classrooms in the University of Pittsburghs Cathedral of Learning depicting and donated by the national and ethnic groups that helped build the city of Pittsburgh. The rooms are designated as a Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation historical landmark and are located on the 1st and 3rd floors of the Cathedral of Learning, itself a national historic landmark, on the University of Pittsburghs main campus in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Although of museum caliber, 28 of the 30 rooms are regularly used as functional classrooms that are utilized daily by University of Pittsburgh faculty and students, while the other two  are mostly used as display rooms viewed through glass doors and are otherwise utilized primarily for special events and can only be explored via special guided tour. The Nationality Rooms also serve in a vigorous program of intercultural involvement and exchange in which the original organizing committees for the individual rooms remain as participants and includes a program of annual student scholarship to facilitate study abroad. In addition, the Nationality Rooms inspire lectures, seminars, concerts exhibitions, and social events which focus on the various heritages and traditions of the nations represented. The various national, traditional, and religious holidays of the nations represented are celebrated on campus and the rooms are appropriately decorated to reflect these occasions. The Nationality Rooms are available daily for public tours as long as the particular room is not being used for a class or other university function.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Nationality Room Program was founded by Ruth Crawford Mitchell at the request of Pitt Chancellor John Bowman in 1926 in order to involve the community as much as he could in constructing the Cathedral of Learning and to provide the spiritual and symbolic foundation of the Cathedral that what would make the inside of the building as inspiring and impressive as the outside. Under Mitchells direction, invitations were extended to the nationality communities that made up the Pittsburgh area to provide a room that was representative of their heritage. Each group had to form a Room Committee, which would be responsible for all fundraising, designing, and acquisition. The University provided the room and upkeep in perpetuity once completed, while all other materials, labor, and design were provided by the individual committees. These were sometimes partly provided for by foreign governments which, "...responded with generous support, often providing architects, artists, materials, and monetary gifts to assure authenticity and superb quality in their classrooms." Each rooms detail is carefully designed and executed down to the switch plates, door handles, hinges, and wastebaskets. The work is often performed and designed by native artists and craftsmen and involves imported artifacts and materials. Mitchell remained Director of the Nationality Rooms program until 1956, having overseen the creation of the first 19 rooms on the first floor of the Cathedral. A successor to Mitchell wasn&#39;t named until 1965, when current Director E. Maxine Bruhns took over the program, overseeing the completion (so far) of eight additional rooms on the third floor.</p><br>
<p>A typical room on the 1st floor (those built between 1938 and 1957) took between three and ten years to complete, and would have cost the equivalent of $ USD today, which was no small undertaking, especially considering that the fundraising and construction of the initial rooms took place during the Great Depression and World War II. More recent rooms have cost in the range of $750,000 USD and up and taken up to ten years to complete. Upon completion of their rooms, the committees turn to a program of intercultural exchange and fundraising for nationality rooms scholarships which enable University of Pittsburgh students and faculty to study abroad. The room committees also sponsor cultural and fundraising events, lectures, concerts, exhibits, social events, and workshops on ethnic studies that may utilize the rooms. The committee may use its room for non-political meetings, lectures, or other functions if no classes are scheduled. Distinguished international visitors are received by the committees, and special projects are undertaken including the purchase of books for the University libraries, publication of volumes on topics from comparative literature to ethnic recipes, and the fostering of courses in the mother languages. National, traditional, and religious holidays are celebrated on campus, and committees decorate their rooms or mount displays to commemorate special occasions.</p><br>
<p>The first four rooms to be dedicated were the Scottish, Russian, German, and Swedish Rooms in 1938." The newest rooms are the Welsh Room dedicated in 2008, the Turkish and Swiss rooms both dedicated in 2012, and the Korean room dedicated in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Original plans also proposed, in addition to the Nationality Rooms on the first floor, the creation of "Pennsylvania" classrooms on the second floor to be dedicated to the pioneering groups within the state along with third floor "Pittsburgh" classrooms dedicated to showcasing the history of the Western Pennsylvania or different eras of American history. Although the plans for the series of rooms were drawn up, only one room was installed, the Early American Classroom, which is now counted among the other Nationality Rooms. The plans for the other Pittsburgh and Pennsylvania rooms were never executed, and the Nationality Room program grew to occupy all of the first and much of the third floor.</p><br>
<p>Upon completion of a room, a dedication ceremony is held in which a formal presentation of a ceremonial key is presented to the Universitys Chancellor in order to symbolize the bestowal and acceptance of the gift with a commitment on behalf of the University to maintain the room in perpetuity. The particular nationality room committees officers then become active members of the Nationality Council which focuses on providing summer study abroad scholarships for Pitt students along with other non-political cultural or educational events within the Nationality Programs scope. Today the Cathedral is home to 30 Nationality Rooms (28 working classrooms and two display rooms: the Early American Room and the Syrian-Lebanon Room), on the first and third floors. Each nationality room is designed to celebrate a different culture that had an influence on Pittsburghs growth, depicting an era prior to 1787, the University&#39;s founding and the signing of the United States Constitution. Only one room does not follow this convention, with the French Classroom depicting the French Empire period of the early 19th century. There are currently seven additional rooms in the process of being approved and funded.</p><br>
<p>Set in the Cathedral of Learning&#39;s cornerstone in 1937 is a gift from the Nationality Room Committee chairpersons to the University: a copper plate engraved with these thoughts:</p><br>
<p>Since 1944, tours of the nationality rooms have been given to visitors by a Pitt student organization, Quo Vadis (meaning Where do you go?); they guide over 40,000 tourists a year. With reservations, specially themed tours based on creature symbolism, images of royalty, and folktales are also given. An estimated 100,000 visitors, including self-guided and walk-in tourists, visit the Nationality Rooms each year.</p><br>
<h2>Principles</h2><br>
<p>The following principles, in order to assure commonality of purpose, authenticity, and non-political cultural emphasis, governed the creation of nationality rooms from the programs inception in 1926 until the completion of the Irish Classroom in 1957.</p><br>
<p>A Nationality Room must illustrate one of the outstanding architectural or design traditions of a nation that is recognized as such by the United States Department of State.</p><br>
<p>The design of a given historical period must be cultural and aesthetic, not political. The period depicted should be prior to 1787, the year the University was founded.</p><br>
<p>To avoid political implications in the room, no political symbol is permitted in the decorations, nor a portrait or likeness of any living person.</p><br>
<p>The only place a political symbol may be used is in the corridor stone above the room&#39;s entrance.</p><br>
<p>No donor recognition may appear in the rooms. Donor recognition to the rooms is recorded in a Donor Book.</p><br>
<p>Most architects and designers of the rooms have been born and educated abroad. This has been instrumental in ensuring authenticity of design.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, policy revisions were implemented which retaining most of the earlier principles, utilized a broader definition of nation to include a body of people associated with a particular territory and possessing a distinctive cultural and social way of life. This allowed the creation of the Armenian and Ukrainian rooms prior to their establishment as independent nations following the collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as allowing for the installation of the African Heritage Room.</p><br>
<p>The room must also be a functional teaching classroom with enough student tablet-armed seats, professor&#39;s lectern or table, adequate sight lines and lighting, modern audiovisual technology, and other necessities of a classroom. New rooms also have narrated tour equipment. Materials are to remain authentic and durable that are executed through architectural form and not mere surface embellishment and are to provide eternal qualities that have the potential to "teach" about the cultures with appropriate non-political symbols and artifacts.</p><br>
<h2>Classrooms</h2><br>
<h3>African Heritage</h3><br>
<p>The African Heritage Classroom was designed to reflect an 18th-century Asante temple courtyard in Ghana which would provide the setting for ceremonial events, learning, and worship. The classroom represents the entire continent of Africa with Yoruba-style door carvings by Nigerian sculptor Lamidi O. Fakeye depicting ancient kingdoms of Africa including Egypt, Nubia, Ethiopia, Benin, Kongo/Angola, Kuba, Mali, and Zimbabwe. Plaster forms in the frieze represent the arts, music, science, languages, and literature of Africa. A display case housing artifacts from various African nations and the chalkboard area reflect patos around the courtyard. Below the chalkboard doors depicting the Igbo lozenge and star motif are Sankofa birds which symbolize the need to learn from the past in order to prepare for the future. The oxblood steps, two levels of student benches, and wainscot with relief decorations suggest the polished clay of an Asante temple. Openwork screens are present on the windows as they are used in Asante structures to filter the suns rays while allowing air flow. Six chieftain stools provide informal seating near a hand-carved professors lectern.</p><br>
<h3>Armenian</h3><br>
<p>The Armenian Classroom was inspired by the 10th- to 12th-century Sanahin Monastery. The design consists of intersecting arches and a domed ceiling built to lessen damage from frequent earthquakes in that country. The room&#39;s arches, built of Indiana limestone, make this the heaviest of the Nationality Rooms, weighing 22 tons, and required the second floor beneath the room to be reinforced in order to support its weight. The cornerstone is a basalt stone from the grounds of Sanahin. In the mortar behind it are the thumbprints of five of the oldest Armenian diaspora living in the Pittsburgh area, as well as the handprint of an infant of Armenian descent, symbolizing the continuity of the Armenian presence in western Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h3>Austrian</h3><br>
<p>The Austrian Nationality Room represents the 18th-century area of the Austrian Empire during its age of enlightenment under Empress Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II and incorporates Baroque elements of the Haydnsaal in Schloss Esterházy at Eisenstadt where Joseph Haydn served as Kapellmeister from 1766 to 1778. Ceiling paintings depict scenes from Roman mythology similar to those in the Haydn Saal. The room features Lobmeyer crystal chandeliers, gilded white lacquer seminar furniture patterned after that in the formal dining hall of Vienna&#39;s Hofburg, royal red-tapestried walls, gold-leafed pilasters, and a parquet floor inlaid in a starburst design. Exhibits in the display cases in the room trace the development of the multinational Austrian Empire and the birthplaces of representative Austrian composers born within its borders between the years 1000 and 1918.</p><br>
<h3>Chinese</h3><br>
<p>The Chinese Classroom is inspired by the design of a palace hall in Beijings Forbidden City and is dedicated to the memory of Confucius and his democratic ideal of classless education. The teacher and students sit at the same level around a moon-shaped teakwood table. The professors chair is carved with the admonition to "Teach by inspiring gradually and steadily". A slate portrait of Confucius is present that is patterned after one in the Confucian temple at his birthplace of Qufu in Shandong Province. Above the red lacquered door, Chinese characters are carved into the stone lintel that proclaim that "Humility of mind goes with loftiness of character." Stone lions flank the entrance before carvings of the plum blossom, the national flower of China. The ceiling contains a coiling golden five-clawed imperial dragon surrounded by clouds denoting nature&#39;s energy and freedom. Painted squares portray dragons guarding the pearl of wisdom and the phoenix with the motan flower, a symbol of cultural wealth. The opened blackboard doors reveal painted renditions of the babao, or Eight Treasures, popular in Chinese art. On the base below is a carved version of the Bagua which consists of eight trigrams surrounding the circular Yin and Yang. Windows consist of frosted glass with stylized cames.</p><br>
<h3>Czechoslovak</h3><br>
<p>The Czechoslovak Classroom combines elements of a Slovak farmhouse, country church, and the Charles University in Prague while detailing men who contributed to Czechoslovak culture. The motto of the classroom, and of the former Czechoslovak government in exile, is proclaimed by the inscription of "Pravda Vítězí" which translates to "Truth Will Prevail" and surrounds a bronze relief portrait of the first President and founder of Czechoslovakia Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. In a wrought-iron case near the window bay, a letter penned by the hand of Masaryk to students at the University of Pittsburgh recalls John Amos Comenius belief that "education is the workshop of humanity". All woodwork, except the furniture, is made of larch wood which grows to great heights in the Carpathian Mountains. The ceiling, with flat boards overlapping each other between heavy beams, is painted by Prague artists Karel and Marie Svolinsky and depicts botanically accurate flowers and plants of Czechoslovakia and reflects a typical Slovak farmers home and the style of country churches. A "tree of life" design on the rear wall surrounds the text of the proclamation by King of Bohemia and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Charles IV that marked the founding of the University of Prague in 1348. The plaster reveals of the bay window area is decorated by murals of miraculous trees bearing flowers and fruits and harboring animals, birds, and insects reflecting "peasant writings" and executed by the artists in freehand. Ceiling panels portray eight famous persons in Czech and Slovak history from the 9th through 19th centuries including Cyril and Methodius who created the Cyrillic script, Waclaw who was the "Good King Wenceslaus" of the Christmas Carol, Jan Hus who was a champion of Czech religious freedom, John Amos Comenius who is considered the father of modern education, Jan Kollar a Slovak poet who called for Slavic unity, Ľudovít Štúr who developed the Slovak literary language, and Bishop Stefan Moyzes who pioneered popular education in Slovakia. Intarsia done by V. Kopka of Moravia are found on the entrance door panels and the professor&#39;s desk and lectern which depicts university academic disciplines. Embroidery, lace, Bohemian crystal, and historical documents are displayed in the wall cabinet.</p><br>
<h3>Early American</h3><br>
<p>The Early American Room is one of two display rooms not used as a functional classroom, although it is opened for guided tours. The room was commissioned by longtime University Pittsburgh trustee George Hubbard Clapp, a descendant nine generations removed from Roger Clapp, an English captain who sailed into the New England port of Hull on May 30, 1630. The kitchen-living room of the early colonists was chosen to portray the sturdy simplicity of life in America during the 1650s. The room&#39;s focus is a nine-foot fireplace constructed from 200-year-old handmade bricks with "fixings" of a log hook, heavy iron kettles, a spider, gridiron, longhandled waffle iron, bread shovel, skewers, ladles, and forks. A small recess in the brick wall served to bake bread. A tapered pole swings out from the end of the fireplace to be used for drying laundry or to hang a quilt to keep the cold draft from those gathered near the fire. Massive hand-hewn pine beams used in the seven-foot-high ceiling and the fireplace were collected after a careful search in Massachusetts. White pine is used for the heavy seminar table, benches, and chairs. Wrought-iron candelabra are hinged with clasps to hold lighting tapers. Other light fixtures are of specially designed pierced tin. The colonial-style windows were designed by glass artist Charles Connick. Decorative items include a collection of 17th- and 18th-century American coins, a working spinning wheel, and a hand-stitched sampler. The small closet between the blackboard and fireplace contains a secret panel and once the concealed latch is discovered, its release causes the wall to swing open, revealing a hidden staircase to the upper loft, which has been furnished as a 19th-century bedroom. Included in the bedroom is a four-poster rope bed and small cradle, both of which belonged to pianist and composer Ethelbert Nevin. The bedroom also includes several personal items, including an 1878 wedding quilt, which belonged to Waitman Worthington McDaniel and his wife Martha Jane Poe, a distant relative of Edgar Allan Poe and the grandmother of Nationality Director Maxine Bruhns. The room is associated with various stories of unexplained incidents that have resulted in claims that the room is haunted.</p><br>
<h3>English</h3><br>
<p>The English Classroom is designed in the Tudor-Gothic style after the House of Commons that was rebuilt by Sir Charles Barry following the fire of 1834. The English Classroom is the largest of the Nationality Rooms and incorporates several original items given as gifts from the British Government from the damaged House of Commons, whose Chamber was completely destroyed, following its bombing by the Luftwaffe in 1941, including the stone fireplace, hearth tiles, linenfold oak paneling, entrance doorframe, lintel, and corbels. The fireplace is from the Commons "Aye Lobby", so named because voters walked through it to vote "yes", and is marked with the initials V.R. for Victoria Regina. The cast-iron fireback and andirons commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 and an inscription above the fireplace is from Shakespeares King Richard II and uses lettering adapted from the letter tiles originally designed for medieval paving by the Monks of Chertsey Abbey in Surrey. The inscription reads: "Set in the silver sea.....this blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England." Above the doorway hangs a royal coat of arms made in 1688 during the reign of King James II. The linenfold paneling itself arrived at the University still having a blackened coat from the bombing. Under the ceiling trusses are four carved limestone corbels from the House of Commons that are carved with a Tudor rose. Two corbels remain uncarved to emphasize the original carved corbels. The window frames, set in limestone, are characteristic of the Tudor period, and contain old imported glass, seeded and tinted, and encased in small, diamond-shaped leaded frames. Stained-glass window medallions depict the coats of arms of English towns and cities, literary and political figures, scholars of the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, and the Houses of Lords and Commons. Portraits of University of Pittsburgh alumnus and former Ambassador to the Court of St. Jamess, Andrew Mellon, and the former Earl of Chatham, William Pitt, after whom the City was named, flank the stained glass windows in the rear bay. A brick from 10 Downing Street serves as the rooms cornerstone. The white oak floor is fitted together with wooden peg dowels. Tudor-Gothic oak benches resemble the old House of Commons benches and are similarly arranged. Two English oak tables with melon-shaped legs stand before the bay. Two House of Commons Library chairs upholstered in green leather and bearing the official gold crest featuring the portcullis and crown were a gift of Lord Alfred Bossom and were rebuilt using wood from actual chairs in the bombed House of Commons.</p><br>
<h3>French</h3><br>
<p>The French Classroom was designed by Jacques Carlu, Director of School of Architecture in Fontainebleau, in the French Empire Period that reflects a French style inspired by the glories of the ancient and classical past that were rediscovered during the Napoleonic campaigns in Greece, Italy, and Egypt. This places the timeframe of inspiration for the classroom in the late 18th century and early 19th century, just after the founding of the University of Pittsburgh in 1787, therefore making it the only classroom which represents an era postdating the founding of the University, although many room elements are influenced by the Palace of Versailles which clearly predates it. The color scheme of the room is blue-gray, royal blue, and gold, which were suggested by French-American architect Paul Philippe Cret and are typical colors used at the height of the French Empire. The walls of the room are lined with wood paneling in classical proportions, and slender wall pilasters are capped with delicately carved ad gilded crowns. Carved ornaments of the Egyptian griffin and classical rosettes accentuate panel divisions. A wall cabinet containing art objects, books, and medallions balances the entrance door and maintains the rooms symmetry. Crystal and metal chandeliers, which are simplified versions of those found in Palace of Versailles Hall of Mirrors, hang from a grey plaster ceiling. A parquet floor pattern also reflects many rooms in the Palace of Versailles. A mahogany professors chair and table are of the Directoire period design include bronze ornaments imported from France that are replicas of originals of Empire furniture in the Louvre. The mahogany student tablet armchairs are upholstered in royal blue. On the rear wall, a 16th-century Choufleur tapestry depicts an allegorical woodland scene including, among other animals, a unicorn which often served as a central figure in tapestries and legends from the Middle Ages. Gold damask draperies with a wreath and lyre motif add to the sense of French opulence and frame the windows which look out on the Universitys Heinz Memorial Chapel, itself an example of French Gothic architecture inspired by the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris.</p><br>
<h3>German</h3><br>
<p>The German Classroom was designed by German-born architect Frank A. Linder to reflect the 16th century German Renaissance as exemplified in the Alte Aula (Great Hall) of the University of Heidelberg. The woodwork of the room was done by German-born Philadelphia decorator Gustav Ketterer and includes walnut paneling framing the blackboards, columns carved with arabesques flanking the two entrance doorways, and support broken-arch pediments surmounted by carved polychromed crests of the two oldest German universities: Heidelberg (1386) and Leipzig (1409). The doors are mounted with ornate wrought-iron hinges and locks, and their upper panels are decorated with intarsia depicting the central square of Nürnberg on the front door and the fountain of Rothenburg on the rear door. Carved in the architrave above the paneling are the names of famous speaking philosophers, poets, musicians, artists, and scientists. The intarsia doors of the four corner cabinets feature tales from German folklore including Parsifal who searched for the Holy Grail, Siegfried who was the hero of the Nibelungenlied, the maiden wooed in Goethes poem Heidenröslein, and Lorelei who was the golden-haired Rhine maiden whose song lured sailors to destruction. Painted on the escutcheon above the front blackboard are words from Friedrich Schillers Das Ideal und das Leben, "Stern endeavor, which no arduous task can shake, to the hidden fount of true attains." The rear wall has a quotation from Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Was wir bringen which reads: "Great mastery results from wise restraint, and law alone points the way to liberty." Furniture includes the professors leather upholstered chair stands on a small platform behind a burled walnut table and student tablet armchairs are walnut with scroll backs. Wrought-iron chandeliers are the work of German craftsman. The display case contains gifts of artworks and books from Germanys Ministry of Education. The stained-glass windows were designed by master stained glass artist Charles Connick, however they were not completed until 1953 by Connick protege Frances Van Arsdale Skinner. The windows depict characters in the Grimm Brothers fairy tales such as Little Red Riding Hood, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Hansel and Gretel, and Cinderella.</p><br>
<h3>Greek</h3><br>
<p>The classical architecture of the Greek Classroom represents 5th-century BCE. Athens, the Golden Age of Pericles and includes marble columns and a coffered ceiling. Colored details from the Acropolis Propylaea and Erectheum appear on white marble. The floor is paved with rectangular slabs of Dionessos Pentelic marble with dark vein. Gray Kokinara marble is used for the dado. The rooms columns and pilasters, as well as the coffered ceiling, bear painted decorations identical to those used on ancient Greek structures. The artwork was done by Athenian artist Demetrios Kokotsis who used the traditional encaustic painting method, employing earth colors and beeswax applied freehand which was then overlaid with 24-carat gold leaf rubbed on by polishing bones which required two men more than seven months to complete. White oak furniture, patterned after designs on Greek vases, is decorated with gold-leaf carvings and sunburst inlays of ebony. Student chair backs carry the names of Greek islands and towns. The professors and guests chairs bear the names of Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates. A line from Homer&#39;s Iliad exhorts students to strive for nobility and excellence. The deep red wall color is repeated in the drapery valance with its Greek key design. Archives in the alcove cabinet record visits by the Queen of Greece, and by ecclesiastic and diplomatic officials. In 1940, one of two marble pilasters for the room that was being constructed in Greece from the Mt Pentele stone quarry used to build the Parthenon, cracked shortly before shipping to the United States. With an invading World War II army massing on its borders, the column could not be replaced. Greek architect John Travlos ordered a matching crack etched into the undamaged column in order to preserve the symmetry. The marble was transported on the last ship to sail to America prior to the invasion and occupation of Greece. In November 1941, Travlos crouched under a blanket in his apartment closet listening to banned BBC radio broadcasts. Suddenly, Greek ecclesiastical music spouted from the radio, and Travlos heard the people of Pittsburgh dedicate his memorial to Greece.</p><br>
<h3>Hungarian</h3><br>
<p>Dénes Györgyi, a professor at the Industrial Art School in Budapest, won the Hungarian Classroom design competition sponsored by Hungarys Ministry of Education in 1930 which features Magyar folk art combined with deep wood carvings and historic stained glass windows. The walls of the room are oak veneer stained a soft tobacco brown. The wood in the panels was carefully selected and matched, so that the natural grains form interesting decorative patterns. The ceiling is 70 wooden cazettas suspended in a wooden frame and has a predominant hue of "paprika red", a color inspired by the peppers which are hung to dry over white fences in Hungary. The cazettas are decorated with folk motifs (birds, hearts, and tulips) in turquoise, green, and white were painted by Antal Diossy in Budapest. Joining the ceiling and walls is an inscription frieze with the first two stanzas of Himnusz, the Hungarian National Anthem by Ferenc Kölcsey. Above the blackboard is the coat of arms of the University of Buda which was founded in 1388. At the top is the crown of St. Stephen, the patron saint of Hungary and its first Christian king. The student seats are made of oak and are unadorned except for stylized carved tulip ornaments on the back. A bench along the rear wall and guest chairs are upholstered in blue. Along the corridor wall, panels carved with floral, plant, and bird designs invoke a "tulip chest" which are the traditional hope chests of Hungarian village brides that are decorated with tulips. In the display case lined with soft blue velvet is an exhibit of Hungarian porcelain, lace, embroidery, and costumed dolls. Stained and painted glass windows depict the legend of Hungarys founding as well as important events in the nations history and culture. The rear window depicts King Nimrod and his sons, Hunor and Magor, who pursued a white stag from the east to the fertile Danube plain. Descendants of Hunor became the Huns and those of Magor became the Magyars. The bay windows commemorate historic figures and events of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and 17th and 19th centuries. The oak entrance doors bears deep carvings of tulips, pomegranate leaves, daisies, and wheat. The doors center panel states the date of the room&#39;s completion in 1938. The carvings were made by American wood carvers of Hungarian birth from plaster models that were made in Budapest to ensure Magyar authenticity.</p><br>
<h3>Indian</h3><br>
<p>The Indian Classroom is modeled on a typical 4th-9th century AD courtyard from Nalanda University, a Buddhist monastic university in Nalanda. At its peak, the universitys five temples and 11 monasteries covered 32 acre and attracted thousands of students from all over Asia. The room depicts a classroom courtyard at Nalanda. The pale rose bricks, specially fabricated to reflect the hue and texture of the original, form the walls, floor, pilasters, and niches. Six stone columns decorated with rosettes, swags, and fruit echo those found at Nalanda. The rear sculpture wall, a scaled down version of one at Nalandas Stupa #3, bears images of six Bodhisattvas. Flanking display cases hold replicas of ancient bronze sculptures found at the site. A watercolor triptych depicts male and female students at Nalanda as scholar-monk Silabhadra says farewell to 7th-century Chinese traveler Xuanzang. Gurus taught classes in the courtyards, which were surrounded by residential cells. The cherry wood chalkboard doors and flanking cabinets bear carved seals of Nalanda University with recumbent deer above a Sanskrit inscription. Cast steel grilles in front of the windows, hand wrought into forms which reflect decorative elements of the columns, filter the light and soften the view of the 20th-century outside world. Renaissance 3 Architects received the Master Builders Association Craftsmanship Award for its construction.</p><br>
<h3>Irish</h3><br>
<p>The Irish Classroom is the smallest of the Nationality Rooms. The limestone room is designed in Irish Romanesque style, which flourished from the 6th to the 12th centuries and is similar in type, size, and materials to oratories first built on the west coast of Ireland. Adapted from Killeshin Chapel in County Carlow, the triangular doorway gable is carved with human and animal masks against a background of zig-zag and beaded designs. The blackboard frames pendental arches are carved with foliage, images of wolfhounds, and stylized cat masks. On the opposite wall a sculptured stone chest, under a monumental recessed arch, is patterned after a bishops tomb in Cormacs chapel. Its ornate sculpture depicts the "Great Beast," a greyhound-like animal wreathed in interlaced ornaments. On the chest rests a replica of the Gospels from the Book of Kells. The wrought-iron case bears bird and beast designs drawn from the Book of Kells. Stained-glass windows, created in 1956/7 by the Harry Clarke Studios in Dublin, portray famous teachers at three of Irelands oldest centers of learning; St. Finnian at Clonard, St. Columkille at Derry, and St. Carthach at Lismore. Illuminations in the Book of Kells inspired the chair design, except for the wolfhound heads. The oak-beamed ceiling is characteristic of Irish oratories. The cornerstone, from the Abbey of Clonmacnoise, is carved with the Gaelic motto, "For the Glory of God and the Honor of Ireland." The cornerstone conceals a container of earth from Northern Ireland (County Armagh) and the Republic of Ireland (County Meath).</p><br>
<p>Gov. David L. Lawrence, Art Rooney Sr., founding owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and James W. Knox, a member of the Pittsburgh Irish community, were on the room&#39;s organizing committee. After the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy ordered a Marine guard to deliver the Oval Office Presidential and American flags to Evelyn Lincoln, private secretary to the president. In her will, Lincoln bequeathed the flags to the University of Pittsburgh for the Irish Room in honor of Knox. The John F. Kennedy scholarship for study in Ireland and a James W. Knox endowment for graduate study abroad were created from the proceeds generated from their auction.</p><br>
<h3>Israel Heritage</h3><br>
<p>The Israel Heritage Classroom reflects the simplicity of a 1st-century Galilean stone dwelling or house of assembly, this rooms benches are patterned after those in the 2nd-3rd-century synagogue of Capernaum. The Ten Commandments, carved in Hebrew, grace the oak entrance door. Grapes, pomegranates, and dates on the stone frieze, copied from Capernaum, represent crops grown in the Galilee. On the window wall, an inscription discovered in the 6th-century Rehob synagogue cites the Talmudic laws governing the growing of crops each seventh year. A scroll fragment in the rear case replicates the Dead Sea Isaiah Scroll segment which contains the prophecy "They shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks..." Ancient wine jars flank the scroll. The professors table, based on one found in Jerusalem&#39;s 1st-century burnt house, stands before a copy of the only existing stone Menorah which served as a functional candelabrum. The quotation on the chair reads: "I learned much from my teachers, more from my colleagues, and most of all from my pupils." Three segments from the 6th-century Dura Europos murals grace the chalkboard doors, Ezra the Scribe, reads the law; Moses brings forth water for the 12 tribes; and the sons of Aaron consecrate the Temple. Oak benches bear the names of the 12 tribes of Israel. The floor mosaic replicates one in the 6th century Galilean synagogue of Beth Alpha.</p><br>
<h3>Italian</h3><br>
<p>The Italian Classroom reflects the serenity of a 15th-century Tuscan monastery, with its traditional devotion to religion, art, music, and education. The rear choir stall bench and shuttered windows introduce the monastic theme. The blackboard doors recall an armadio, a cabinet behind an altar used to hold priestly vestments. The turquoise soffitto a cassettoni (coffered ceiling), embellished with carved, gold-leafed rosettes, was inspired by one originally in the San Domenico Convent at Pesaro. In the architrave, names of famous Italians are inlaid in olive wood. The lettering resembles that used in the inscription on the Arch of Titus in Rome. Bay benches are cushioned in red velvet. The red tile floor is set in a herring-bone pattern similar to that of Florences Palazzo Vecchio. An original Florentine fireplace, made of sandstone from the quarries of Fiesole, bears the carved Latin inscription, "O Lord, do not forsake me." On either side stand Savonarola chairs. Monastery bench designs, adapted for student use, are carved with names and founding dates of Italian universities. The oldest is the University of Bologna, established in 1088. From the front of the room, a bronze bust of Dante Alighieri faces Giovanni Romagnolis mural of Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia, the first woman in the world to achieve a university degree when she was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1678 by the University of Padua.</p><br>
<h3>Japanese</h3><br>
<p>The Japanese Nationality Room celebrates traditional Japanese carpentry and woodcraft, evoking the mid-18th century minka which were houses of the non-ruling classes of Japan. This room is representative of minka that might be the residence of an important village leader in a farm village on the outskirts of Kyoto and the design represents the core rooms of the house: a plank-floored ima or household sitting room and the adjacent doma, an area with a compacted earthen floor used as an entry-way, for cooking and as a work space. The doma was also a space for household life, where farm, business and craft activities could be carried out under a roof. In the past it also provided a place for drying grain during rainy weather. A central feature of the room is the massive, rough-hewn beam, the ushibari of Japanese pine, supported by posts at the boundary of the ima and doma elements of the room. The main beam in this room had been carefully preserved by the carpenters in Japan for many years until a project could be found to appropriately utilize its unique curvature. To accommodate the weight concentrated on the primary post, the daikokubashira, the layout of the room has been designed so that this main post sits directly above the buildings existing superstructure. The major posts are made of zelkova, (keyaki), a hardwood with a distinctive grain pattern. The other beams are made of American pine. The posts and beams are connected without nails, using traditional joinery techniques. The ceiling is of bamboo with joined beams which would have allowed for the circulation of warm air from fireplaces below. The walls mimics the typical mud plaster walls through the use of textured wallpaper and wooden wainscoting for greater durability. The bay window is a structure not in keeping with traditional Japanese design and has been masked with panels that suggest shôji, sliding doors of lattice frames, covered with translucent paper. The ima is suggested with a plank wood floor covering the largest portion of the room. The floor toward the front of the room is made of a simulated earthen material to represent a portion of the doma where it meets the imas wooden floor. Although the traditional design would call for the wooden floor to be much higher than the dirt floor, this feature has been eliminated in the classroom for practicality. Located on the rear wall, is the tokonoma, a raised alcove for the display of treasured objects, flower arrangements, and seasonal decorations. The tokonoma has been built in shoin-style, with shôji along its exterior side. The corner post, tokobashira, is made of ebony and the floor of the tokonoma is tatami. The display cases at the rear of the room and along the interior wall contain artifacts in keeping with the period and include a chagama and furo, an iron kettle with metal charcoal hearth/brazier combination, used in the "tea ceremony." While typical minka would have no chairs at all, in keeping with its function as a classroom, the classroom has wooden chairs designed and crafted specifically for students and are consistent in design with the rest of the room. Sliding wooden panels cover the blackboard at the front of the room. The interior surface of the entry door has been modified with a wooden treatment that suggests the sliding door that was the typical entrance to a house of this period.</p><br>
<h3>Korean</h3><br>
<p>The Korean Nationality Room is based on the 14th century Myeong-nyundang (Hall of Enlightenment), the main building at the Sungkyunkwan in Seoul which served as Korea&#39;s royal academy during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties from 918 to 1897. The room mimics the three connected rooms of the Myeong-nyundan with twin oak columns forming a symbolic boundary and a central room featuring a lofted ceiling that contains two hand-carved phoenixes facing a symbolic pearl of wisdom, a design inspired by the royal palace of the Joseon Dynasty.</p><br>
<p>The room was primarily built off-site in Korea, disassembled, and shipped to Pittsburgh where it was reassembled in the Cathedral of Learning by Korean carpenters who kept with traditional Korean building practices of not using nails or screws in construction. Windows are covered with a specially produced paper product made of mulberry tree fiber. A display niche to the right of the classrooms blackboards contains a book illustrating Crown Prince Hyomyeong&#39;s matriculation to Sungkyunkwan in 1817, while another niche displays the Four Treasures of the Study: brush, ink, paper and ink-stone. Furnishings include freestanding, hard-oak desks by Korean designer Ji-hoon Ha that accommodate two to three students and are specifically designed for laptops. The room also contains an 85-inch, 3-D LED screen and central speaker system and is the first nationality room to be constructed with such technology.</p><br>
<h3>Lithuanian</h3><br>
<p>The Lithuanian Classroom is dominated by a fresco depicting Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis famous painting The Two Kings portrays the reverence Lithuanians have for their villages. This mural sets the tone for a room that pays tribute to the symbolism and love of nature and home reflected in Lithuanian folk art. The doors wooden planks are laid in a diamond pattern similar to those of many farm structures. At the center of the door is a carved rosette, symbol of fire. Above the entrance, a stylized sun between two horses heads represents light and sound believed to ward off evil spirits. The white oak molding of intersecting scallops resembles decorations found on farm granaries or kleitis. Names of famous Lithuanians are carved on the frieze above the blackboard. The wall fabric is linen woven in a design called "The Path of the Birds." Its frame is of white oak and rare bog oak that acquires its deep hue while submerged in a marshy bog for decades. Lithuanian farmers would thus preserve prime trees in order to make furniture pieces that were treasured as heirlooms. The professors desk is modeled after a household table and the lectern incorporates details of a spinning wheel spindle. Student chairs are carved with a design found on household utensils. The radiator enclosure is perforated with a design of wild rue leaves, the Lithuanian national emblem. Traditionally, a bride is crowned with a wreath of rue, symbol of chastity. Windows of handpressed glass bear leaded medallions in the form of sun ornaments often found on roadside shrines.</p><br>
<h3>Norwegian</h3><br>
<p>The Norwegian Classroom was designed in Oslo in an 18th-century peasant style using Norwegian building techniques, painted decoration, and craftsmanship by architect Georg Eliassen just prior to the outbreak of World War II. Plans for the room were sent on the last ship to leave Petsamo for the United States where they were completed by University Architect Albert A. Klimcheck. Walls of the main space are paneled with vertical overlapping spruce boards hand-rubbed with wax. The walls in the front of the room are painted a soft blue and decorated with floral designs reminiscent of the 18th century rosemaling technique.</p><br>
<p>Because living and bedrooms were often merged into one room during this era, two of the panels swing open as if they would reveal traditional built-in-beds, but instead conceal the blackboard. The room features high-sloped ceilings reflective of those in Nordic peasant homes that keep snow from accumulating during the severe winters. Spruce boards are laid in a herringbone pattern slanting upward to a plane of flat boards decorated by two hand-carved, painted rosettes with a symbol for the midnight sun. Wooden chandeliers bearing a painted design incorporating "1945", the year the room was opened, hang from the flat surfaces. The professor&#39;s section of the room has a low raftered ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The transition between the two parts of the room is indicated by a corner kleberstone fireplace in which birch logs were burned standing on end to assure that smoke would rise up the chimney. Windows are of handmade opalescent glass tinted pale yellow. Since a bay window is not a Scandinavian tradition, the area is plastered, paved with slate, and treated as a traditional alcove. The student tablet armchairs are low-backed and the professor&#39;s chair is of a typical Viking design with carved heads of beasts and an intertwining dragon motif that traditionally serves as a symbol that protects against evil.</p><br>
<p>The room features a century-old grandfather clock with an engraved dial and a case that is painted to match the wall decorations of the smaller room. Above the rear wall bench and flanked by corner display cabinets decorated with rosemaling, hangs a framed copy of a 1695 Norwegian woolen tapestry depicting the Biblical parable of the five wise and five foolish virgins</p><br>
<h3>Polish</h3><br>
<p>The Polish Classroom was inspired by rooms in Cracows Wawel Castle, for centuries the residence of kings. The Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, and the science that his theories revolutionized, are also a major theme of the room. A replica of the famous Jan Matejko portrait of Copernicus shows him as a young man pursuing his study of the universe from a workshop on the roof of his uncles house in Allenstein (Olsztyn). In the bay stands an enlarged replica of the 16th-century Jagiellonian globe, one of the oldest existing globes to depict North America as a separate continent. The original globe was only eight inches high and was designed to operate as a clock and calendar and it took a metalsmith in Cracow five years to complete the large globe in this room.</p><br>
<p>Artists from Cracow also came to Pittsburgh to paint the ceiling of 18 ft beams with informal geometric Renaissance decorations. The room is illuminated by a bronze chandelier bearing a stylized Polish eagle. The walnut seminar table was copied from one in a state dining room at Wawel Castle. The windows combine hexagonal handmade roundels, similar to those in Wawel Castle, with stained-glass coats of arms representing Polish institutions of higher education. The cornerstone is a fragment of Gothic cornice preserved from the Collegium Maius (1369), the ancient Jagiellonian Library. Polands music is represented by the original manuscript of Ignace Paderewskis only opera, Manru, which is displayed in the archive cabinet.</p><br>
<h3>Romanian</h3><br>
<p>The Romanian Classroom was designed in Bucharest by Nicolae Ghica-Budeşti. The carved doorframe is characteristic of stone thresholds of Romanian monasteries and is made is of American limestone selected due to its similarity to Romanian limestone used in the royal palace at Bucharest. The entrance door of the Romanian Classroom is ornately carved oak reminiscent of Byzantine churches in Romania. The words of Vasile Alecsandri, one of the greatest Romanian poets of the 19th century, are carved overhead in the stone door frame from his Ode to the Year 1855: "The Romanian is like the mighty rock which amidst the waves of the stormy and majestic sea forever remains unmoved." The floor is laid in square blocks of pink marble imported from quarries at Ruşchiţa. The black boards are set in arched oak panels, carved in a manner of icon screens in Eastern Orthodox and Greek Catholic Romanian churches. These are separated by carved-twisted rope which suggests the Roman origin of many of Romania&#39;s artistic traditions. Ancient original icons from Romania depicting the Virgin and Child, Christ, the Dormition of the Virgin, and Saint Mark are embedded in the upper section of each panel.</p><br>
<p>White arca paint mixed with color gives the smooth pastered walls a bluish pink tint. A Byzantine-style mosaic, executed by Bucharest ceramicist Nora Steriade in gold, turquoise, bronze, ruby red, and black pieces of glass, is embedded in the rear wall. The lettering for the inscription and for the entrance text is the work of Alexander Seceni. The mosaic depicts Constantin Brâncoveanu, Prince of Wallachia, who refused to recant the Christian faith even at the cost of his own life and the lives of the male members of his family. The six windows have rounded Romanesque heads reflecting tradition brought from Rome when they conquered the original Dacian settlers in 106 AD.</p><br>
<p>Two small window casements are deeply recessed and have marble window ledges. The four large center windows, form an alcove shut off from the main part of the room by an iron grilled gates wrought in Romania and hung in an arch. These gates swing back in folded sections against the plastered wall. A slab of polished marble tops the wrought-iron radiator grille. Yellow silk draperies frame the windows and ancient icons befitting the season and holidays are exhibited in the alcove which is reminiscent of an icon shrine in an Orthodox Church. The student chairs are of dark oak hand-carved by Romanian peasant artisans using simple pocketknives and each splat bears a different design. The professor&#39;s reading desk was adapted from an Eastern Orthodox Church lectern.</p><br>
<h3>Russian</h3><br>
<p>The Russian Classroom contains folk ornamentation with traditional motifs from Byzantium, the spiritual center of Russia. The seminar table is made of oak slabs matched in contrasting grain and held together by ornamental keys. The cut-out apron is characteristic of massive tables in the Vologda district. The back of each students chair has a cruciform circle pattern surmounted by triangles carved with symbols of regional or stylistic significance including the reindeer which symbolizes the tundra and the sturgeon that represents the Volga River. The professors chair has a back of spirals surmounted by two peacocks worshipping the tree of life. The podium is ecclesiastic in character and suggests the analoi used in Orthodox churches to support heavy Bibles. The blackboard is patterned after a triptych, or three-leafed frame which holds icons.</p><br>
<p>The doors of the blackboard are a grille of wooden spirals backed by red velvet. Above them is a carved panel with Sirin and Alcanost, the twin birds of Russian folklore that depict joy and sorrow as indistinguishable. A dado or low wainscot of simple horizontal oaken boards surrounds the room and incorporates the blackboard, the corner cupboard, and kiot which is a Slavic term for a wall frame treated as a piece of furniture. Within the kiot hangs an vishivka (appliqué and embroidery) banner of Saint George, patron saint of Moscow since the 15th century. The banner was made with pieces of 16th and 17th century fabric from Venice and Paris and is an example of needlework once popular with the Russian aristocracy. The words "Valorous youth victorious over forces of evil and darkness" are carved in both Russian and English below the banner. A copy of the Avinoff family icon in the room depicts the miraculous saving of the city of Kitej from a Tartar invasion in the 14th century. The ceiling is cornered with designs resembling those used to form traditional Easter cakes and which symbolize the four seasons, with a bud for Spring, a sunflower for summer, grapes for Autumn, and a pine cone for Winter. A wrought iron chandelier was created by Russian-born Hyman Blum.</p><br>
<p>Following a visit from Dmitry Medvedev in 2009, a display cabinet with carved ornamentation matching the rooms original carvings was installed to house three gifts presented by the then Russian President.</p><br>
<h3>Scottish</h3><br>
<p>The Scottish Classroom was designed by Reginald Fairlie of Edinburgh in the period style of the early 17th century. The woodwork is carefully selected and treated English pollard oak. The names of distinguished Scots are carved in the ribbon bands of the panels and include David Livingstone who was an African missionary and explorer, Robert Louis Stevenson who authored Treasure Island, and Alexander Fleming who discovered penicillin. The inscriptions above the doors and the rear cabinet are from "The Brus" by the 14th-century Scottish poet John Barbour. The rooms oak doors were copied from the entrance of Rowallan Castle in Ayrshire. A 16th-century Scottish proverb above the blackboard was taken from the Cowgate in Edinburgh and is known as "the Scottish Golden Rule" which reads: "Gif Ye did as Ye sould Ye might haif as Ye would." The plaster frieze was adapted from the plaster frieze at Elcho Castle in Perthshire and incorporates symbols of 14 Scottish clans which had members on the room committee, such as the buckle of the Leslie Clan. The thistle, Scotlands national flower, is rendered on the cornerstone as a tree-of-life. The overmantel of the Scottish sandstone fireplace that is flanked by carved kists, or log storage chests, is dominated by a portrait of poet Robert Burns that is copied from an original by Alexander Nasmyth which hangs in the National Portrait Gallery of Scotland. Above the portrait is the cross of St. Andrew, Scotland&#39;s patron saint. The bronze statuettes on the mantel near an arrangement of dried heather are miniature replicas of heroic statues at the gateway to Edinburgh Castle and represent the 13th-century patriot Sir William Wallace and the 14th century freedom fighter, Robert the Bruce, both of whom were popularized in the movie Braveheart.</p><br>
<p>Medallions in the bay windows represent the coats of arms of the four ancient Scottish universities: Glasgow, St. Andrews, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh. The medallions in the front and rear windows are of Elgin and Melrose Abbeys which were 13th and 16th century seats of learning. The draperies are of crewel-embroidered linen. The rooms lighting fixtures were inspired by an iron coronet in Edinburghs John Knox Museum that was retrieved from the battlefield of Bannockburn at which Scotland won its independence from England in 1314. Students seats resemble a chair that belonged to John Knox. An old Scottish church furnished the pattern for the reading stand. The rear cabinet, based on an aumbry or weapon closet, contain artifacts such as pewter and china used at Soutars Inn in Ayrshire that was frequented by Robert Burns. The panels in the doors, mantel, and in-the-wall cabinets were carved in Edinburgh by Thomas Good and then shipped to Pittsburgh. The cabinetwork was done in the shops of Gustav Ketterer of Philadelphia. Wrought ironwork was done by Samuel Yellin. Cut into stone above the doorways are the thistle and the Lion Rampant, the Scottish emblem incorporated into Britain&#39;s royal arms. The chairman of the original Scottish Classroom Committee was Jock Sutherland.</p><br>
<h3>Swedish</h3><br>
<p>The Swedish Classroom reflects a peasant cottage and contains murals painted by Olle Nordmark. The special glory of the room is the rear wall paintings. The inspiration for the four framed paintings came from painted panels done by the 18th-century painter from Hälsingland, Gustav Reuter. Linton Wilson found the panels at the Nordic Museum.</p><br>
<p>The hooded brick fireplace derives from an original in the Bollnäs Cottage in Skansen, the famous outdoor museum in Stockholm. The brilliant white walls and fireplace are constructed of 200-year-old handmade bricks. The fire tools were handwrought by Ola Nilsson, a Swedish blacksmith. He reconstructed tools used in his childhood home in Sweden.</p><br>
<p>A subtle sense of humor associated with the Swedish people is revealed in the rooms paintings. A wall fresco secco depicts the Three Wise Men dressed as cavaliers riding to Bethlehem, in two directions. In their midst is Swedens patron saint, St. Catherine. The sloped ceiling bears decorations in which the central figure is the Archangel Gabriel, seen as a droll trumpeter with two left feet. Nearby are renditions of Justice and Knowledge surrounded by groupings of flowers. Justice uses her blindfold to hold scales that appear balanced but have an off-center fulcrum. Knowledge seems puzzled as she contemplates writing on her slate with a quill pen.</p><br>
<p>Furniture and woodwork are the work of Erik Jansson of Philadelphia. The classroom&#39;s oak furniture is stained a muted gray-blue tone, similar to that found in old Swedish homes. Floral designs, in colors that complement the amber tone of fir wall benches, brighten the door and archive cabinet. The red brick floor is set in a herringbone pattern.</p><br>
<h3>Swiss</h3><br>
<p>The Swiss Classroom is modeled after a 15th-century room from Fraumunster Abbey displayed in the Swiss National Museum in Zurich, Switzerland. The room is paneled in pine wood and features four white oak trestle tables and four display cases that represent the four languages of Switzerland: French, German, Italian, and Romansch. 26 country-style chairs contain painted carvings of the symbols of Switzerland’s cantons that form the Swiss Confederation which united in 1291. The furniture and woodwork were crafted by Richard Sink of French Creek, WV.</p><br>
<p>A centerpiece of the room is a reproduction of a kachelofen that is modeled on a H.H. Graaf family oven on display in Schloss Wülflingen Castle, Winterthur. The kachelofen&#39;s ornate tiles contain several painted Swiss motifs that including various animals, plants, edelweiss, the heraldic emblem of the Graaf family, and a depiction of the Swiss legend of William Tell. Windows are leaded and feature three stained-glass shields of the original Swiss cantons as well as the Swiss Cross.</p><br>
<p>The Swiss Cross is also displayed stone over the door, within the window of the door, and on the lectern which is modeled on a 17th-century schoolmaster&#39;s desk. A carved and painted frieze depicts Swiss flora and fauna and an antique map depicts Switzerland by its ancient Latin name of "Helvetia". Portraits on the back wall, done in the style of Hans Holbein the Younger, depict Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Wood beamed ceiling contains LED lights that are hidden behind rosettes.</p><br>
<h3>Syrian-Lebanon</h3><br>
<p>Originally a library built in 1782 in a wealthy Damascan merchant&#39;s home, the Syria-Lebanon Room was moved intact to its location in the Cathedral of Learning following a six-year effort to fund and install the room by the Syrian and Lebanese communities in Pittsburgh. Because of the fragility and pricelessness of the furnishing, it has been closed for class use and is one of two display rooms. The linden-paneled walls and ceilings are decorated with “gesso painting,” a mixture of chalk and glue applied by brush in intricate relief, then painted and overlaid with silver and gold leaf. The room features a (now improperly oriented) mihrab with a stalactite vault traditionally housing the Koran and prayer rug. Set in the walls are book cabinets and display shelves. The room is illuminated by an old mosque lamp of perforated copper with handblown glass wells that originally held oil, water, and wicks. The sofas, from the Arabic word "suffah", are covered in satin and rest on a dark red and white marble foundation. The marble floor slopes down at the entrance where visitors would remove their shoes before entering. In 1997, a glass-paneled French-style door to the room was added to allow the room to be visible from passers-by. The doors were patterned after a grille design found on the windows of the 18th century Ibn Room in the Islamic section of the Metropolitan Museum in New York City.</p><br>
<h3>Turkish</h3><br>
<p>The Turkish Nationality Room was based on a baş odası, or main room, of a typical Turkish house or hayat with an outer gallery and a side iwan. The iwan is intended to be used as an entrance area similar to the royal pavilion, annexed to the Yeni Cami in the Eminönü district of Istanbul, which was built in 1663 for the use of Sultan Mehmet IV. In the iwan of the Turkish Nationality Room, four ceramic panels, painted on clay tiles in Ankara, represent various cultures and points in Turkish history. The largest ceramic is a portrait of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey, who is depicted instructing the nation on the Turkish alphabet adopted in 1928. Other panels depict Uighur princesses, who represent the importance of women in circa 9th-century Turkish culture, a reproduction of "Two merchants in conversation" by Mehmed Siyah Kalem which signifies the appearance of realism in Turkish drawing around the 14th century; and a depiction of Suleiman the Magnificent at the circumcision ceremony of Şehzade Beyazıt and Şehzade Cihangir which represents the apex of Ottoman power and culture in the 16th century. The main room attempts to convey the theme of democracy with its seating distributed around the perimeter of the room which suggests that all occupants are equals. Hardwood seats mimic divan-style seating found in a typical baş odası with back panels that function as writing tablets which when retracted form a "parted curtain" motif, a common shape used for household wall niches. The room&#39;s ceiling, modeled after the Emirhocazade Ahmet Bey summer house in Safranbolu, is a combination of traditional çitakâri and kündekâri carpentry art that creates intricate geometric patterns using small pieces of wood attached without metal fasteners or glue. Clear glass windows along one wall frame a painted mural depicting a panoramic view of Istanbul which is feature similar to that seen in the mirrored room of the Topkapi Palace. The stained glass windows depict a tulip shape which served as a symbol of the Ottomans in the 18th century. Display cases contain historic examples of Turkish calligraphy, ceramics, jewelry, miniatures and textiles as well as an evil eye. The entrance symbol above the exterior door depicts the current flag of Turkey, adopted in 1936.</p><br>
<h3>Ukrainian</h3><br>
<p>The Ukrainian Classroom is designed in Baroque style with richly carved wood, colorful ceramics, and intricate metalwork in this adaptation of a noblemans reception room. The entrance has an archaic trapezoidal form with carved motifs of water (chevron), wheat, and sunflowers. The lintel inscription commemorates Ukraines millennium of Christianity (988–1988). The stove tiles depict festival practices and daily life. A pokutia, or place of honor, is defined by the benches and the traditional icons of St. Nicholas, the Mother of God, Christ the Teacher, and St. George.</p><br>
<p>The chalkboard doors bearing the Tree of Life are surmounted by three Cyrillic alphabets used in Ukraine in the 11th, 17th, and 19th centuries. On the right wall, a copper bas-relief depicts the development of Ukrainian culture over the millennia. It portrays cultural centers, historical figures, rituals, monuments, and the evolution of Ukrainian ornament. The massive crossbeams elaborate carvings include a protective solar symbol and a quotation from Ukraines bard Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861): "Learn, my brothers! Think and read... Learn foreign thoughts, but do not shun your own country!" Beyond the wood posts, reminiscent of a gallery, the display case houses traditional Ukrainian art and crafts.</p><br>
<h3>Welsh</h3><br>
<p>The Welsh Classroom, was perhaps the longest in coming, as reservations for a Welsh room were originally requested in the 1930s. The existing room, installed on the third floor of the Cathedral of Learning, is patterned after the Pen-rhiw Chapel at St Fagans National History Museum near Cardiff and represents a traditional 18th-century Welsh capel, or chapel, which often became the center of village social life. By this period, the English ruled the country and imposed law requiring English as the official language of the courts and churches. In order to worship and hold church services in their native Welsh language, and spurred on by the non-conformist movement started by the Protestant Reformation, the Welsh people met in secret locations such as barns or homes, as suggested by the simple white walled capel modeled in this Nationality Room. The minister would live at one end as depicted by the display case with dishes and pottery that would be found in a Welsh kitchen and the long oak case clock seated on a Welsh slate foundation opposite the main blue door. The clock, considered one of the most important furnishings in a Welsh home, has, instead of numbers, a painted square face that spells out "Richard Thomas" suggesting that he was both the maker and owner of the clock. The bay window serves as the focus of the Welsh chapel worship, including a blue raised pulpit with a view of the entire congregation and two Deacon&#39;s benches from which to monitor the actions of the minister and congregation.</p><br>
<p>At the other end of the room is a table bearing a lectern, as such worship places would often become a school room for both children and adults during week days. Above the chalk board is the Lord&#39;s Prayer, written in Welsh. Pew benches of pine face the lectern. Along the wall, larger and more comfortable blue-painted pew boxes with wooden floors, often also serving as barn cattle stalls, would have served wealthier families who would sometimes bring straw, blankets, hot bricks, or dogs to keep them warm. To reflect the simplicity of such meeting places, the ceiling beams are made of poplar and flooring suggests a typical capel dirt floor. The carved stone dragon over the doorway, the long-time Welsh national symbol, represents the legendary victory of the Red Dragon over the White Dragon of numerous tales of medieval Wales and represents the triumph of Good over Evil.</p><br>
<h3>Yugoslav</h3><br>
<p>The Yugoslav Classroom was designed by Professor Vojta Braniš, a sculptor and director of the Industrial Art School in Zagreb. The walls are paneled in Slavonian oak and hand-carved with geometric figures and the old Slavonic heart design which is combined with a running geometric border, a favorite with South Slavs. This type of work, known as "notch-carving", was traditionally done with a penknife as pastime of peasants. On the corridor wall is a specially designed coat of arms featuring a double-headed eagle symbolizing the religious influences of Eastern Empire of Byzantium and Western Empire of Rome along with the founding dates of the universities in Belgrade, Ljubljana, and Zagreb. The ceiling is carved with intricate Croatian, Slovenian, and Serbian folk motifs and the wooden chandeliers are similar to those in the White Palace in Belgrade. The professor&#39;s chair and guests chairs were carved by students at the International Art School in Zagreb, and each spindle of the chairs bears a different notched design. At the window, a bronze sculpture by Vojta Braniš, "Post-War Motherhood", depicts a barefoot mother nursing her child whom she has protected during the long months of war. In the display cabinet is a lace portrayal of the Madonna of Brežje by Slovenes Leopoldina Pelhan and her student Mila Božičkova which took six months to complete and was inspired by the story of a lace Madonna created by the villagers of Sveta Gora in order to replace a priceless painting during World War I. The ceiling squares contain one of the three alternating ceiling ornaments suggesting flowers, stars, the sun, and other radiating geometric patterns, which are organized into a matrix of 9 by 7 squares.</p><br>
<p>Above the paneled walls, six portraits depict prominent Yugoslavs. On the front wall are portraits of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864) who compiled the Serbian dictionary and collected, edited, and published Serbian national ballads and folk songs; and Croatian statesman Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer (1815–1905) who was known for his efforts to achieve understanding between the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches, founder of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts (now the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts). On the corridor wall are likenesses of Baron George von Vega (1754–1802), a Slovenian officer in the Austrian army and mathematician recognized for various works including a book of logarithm tables; and Petar Petrović Njegoš (1813–1851), the last prince-bishop of Montenegro, who was celebrated for his poetry. Represented on the rear wall are Rugjer Bošković (1711–1787), a Croatian scientist distinguished for his achievements in the fields of mathematics, optics, and astronomy; and France Ksaver Prešeren (1800–1849) who is considered one of the greatest native-language Slovenian poets.</p><br>
<p>The Yugoslav Classroom&#39;s Executive Committee was first organized in 1926 under the chairmanship of Anton Gazdić, the president of the Croatian Fraternal Union. After his death in September 1933 the new chairman was Steve Babić, the previous vice-chairman, and the new vice-chairwoman became Catherine Rušković McAleer. Famous Croatian sculptor Ivan Meštrović was a great supporter of the Classroom and gave two of his works to the University, one a bust of Mihajlo Pupin and the other a self-portrait. The Classroom was designed to portray the culture and traditions of the Yugoslavs, who were considered as inhabitants of the various Yugoslavian regions: Croatians, Dalmatians, Slavonians, Slovenians, Serbians, Bosnians and Montenegrins.</p><br>
<h3>Proposed rooms</h3><br>
<p>The University has three additional Nationality Room Committees which are in various stages of fund raising and room design with two more in the proposal stages. The Philippine Nationality Room hopes to begin construction in 2016 overcoming a prior hold on the project since 2011. The design of the Philiippine room will be based on a traditional Bahay na bato.</p><br>
<p>Proposed rooms include the following:</p><br>
<p>Finnish</p><br>
<p>Iranian</p><br>
<p>Moroccan</p><br>
<p>Philippine</p><br>
<p>Thai</p><br>
<p>Prior projects for Danish and Latin American and Caribbean rooms have been discontinued.</p><br>
<p>The Tinley Moraine is a secondary ridge north of the Valparaiso Morainic System. Mapping suggests, that the Lake Michigan Lobe probably receded northward of the Valparaiso Moraine and then advanced towards the Valparaiso Moraine to form the Tinley Moraine. The Tinley Moraine begins as an offshoot of the Valparaiso Moraine in southern Lake County, Illinois in the kettle lake region around Lake Zurich and follows the eastern crest southward through Des Plaines, Illinois, and Argonne National Laboratory, where it is broken by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, then sweeping southeast towards Dyer, Indiana. Trending east towards Valparaiso, Indiana, the Tinley Moraine rejoins the Valparaiso Moraine near Wheeler, Indiana. From here, eastward, the remnant Tinley Moraine becomes mixed with the Lake Border Moraine. The Lake Border Morainic System is younger than the Tinley Moraine and dates from the Glenwood stage of glacial Lake Chicago. The Tinley Moraine is considered pre-Glenwood.</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>There is little difference between the soils mixture of the Tinley Moraine and the Valparaiso Moraine. There is a greater quantity of silt and clay similar to a fine grained lake sediments. The clay-rich and pebble-poor till implies that existence of a glacial lake on the margin of the ice. The till mixture predates the Lake Chicago beaches, of which the Glenwood Beach is the oldest and contemporary with the Lake Border Moraine along the Michigan shore.</p><br>
<p>The Tinley Moraine would be an earlier recession of the Michigan Lobe a short ways north, returning southward, with both wind and water driven drifts, mixed with the return of the ice front for a short duration before the northward retreat of the ice front, establishing the Lake Chicago sequence of shorelines and moraine features in northern Wisconsin and Michigan. The impounded meltwater trapped between the ice front and the Valparaiso Moraine, found a breach in the moraine east of the Illinois-Indiana boundary following West Creek into the sluiceway of the Kankakee River. An additional release may have been in the vicinity of the Deep River – Stoney Run divide east of Crown Point.</p><br>
<p>The Menoken Indian Village Site, also known as Menoken Site, Verendrye Site or Apple Creek Site is an archeological site near Bismarck, North Dakota. The site, that of a fortified village occupied c. 1300 CE, is important in the region&#39;s prehistory, as it is one of the only sites that predates sites that are more clearly associated with the historic Hidatsa, Mandan, and Arikara cultures. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. It is located on 171st Street NE, north of Menoken, about 10 mi east of Bismarck. The site managed by the state as the Menoken Indian Village State Historic Site, and is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Menoken Site occupies a terrace on the south side of Apple Creek, a tributary of the Missouri River, to which it flows near Bismarck. The site consists of a defensive earthworks, whose major component is a ditch about 245 m in length, with four bastion loops projecting outward at equally spaced intervals. The ditch is about 1.5 m deep, and varies in width from 6 to 7 m in width. The ditch forms a curve, covering about 100° of a circle, and protects an inner area of about 1.5 acre. Archaeological evidence indicates that there was originally a palisade just inside the ditch; only post holes of this structure survive. The inner area of the fortification, which has not been fully investigated, is estimated to have had between 11 and 13 semi-subterranean residential structures in it.</p><br>
<p>This site, first excavated in the 1930s, was thought for many years to be that of a Mandan village visited by the French explorer La Verendrye, but archaeological investigations in the 1990s and early 2000s have revealed evidence that the site is actually somewhat older, and that the site was probably occupied by ancestors of one of the region&#39;s major tribal groups, with an occupation period c. 1100-1300 CE. It was probably used as a semi-permanent settlement, from which the occupants would hunt bison and other wildlife. Extensive finds exist here of stone tools, predominantly quarried in the Lynch Quarry vicinity to the west, as well as ceramic pottery fragments and bone tools.</p><br>
<p>The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, primarily on the basis of the belief (now known to be incorrect) that it was associated with La Verendrye, but it retains significance to its critical place in the regions prehistoric chronology, and its archaeological importance. Elements of the sites improvements, made during the Great Depression, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. The site, acquired by the state in 1937, is open to the public, with a walking trail that has interpretive signage.</p><br>
<p>The Frederick A. and Sophia Bagg Bonanza Farm, also known as Bagg Bonanza Farm or F. A. Bagg Farm, is a former bonanza farm in Richland County, North Dakota, United States. Operated between about 1915 and 1935, the farm of the Baggs encompasses as many as 7,000 acre, and was operated virtually like a factory according to modern business practices of the period. The surviving farm complex is now owned by a local non-profit organization and operates as a museum. It is one of the best-preserved examples of a bonanza farm complex in the nation, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bagg Bonanza Farm is located on either side of 169th Avenue Southeast in rural Richland County, east and south of Mooreton. Still surrounded by agricultural fields that were once part of the farm, the main complex consists of a large number of residential buildings and farm-related outbuildings for housing farm animals, feed, and equipment for working the land. The buildings are laid out in a roughly rectilinear manner, with walls oriented north-south and east-west. Stylistically the buildings are vernacular, and lack significant ornamentation. The main house originally served as a bunkhouse at a nearby farm where the Baggs worked before establishing this one, and was adapted by them to house their family and a number of transient farm laborers.</p><br>
<p>Frederick and Sophia Bagg were foreman and cook respectively at the Downing Farm, and in the 1890s began acquiring land in this area for their own farm. In 1915 they started this farm, which was described by Bagg as essentially a factory operation, using labor division, management, and cost management techniques from industrial business, but applied to the practice of agriculture. The farm mainly produced wheat, corn, and clover, and fluctuated in size, with a maximum documented extent of about 7,000 acre. These types of large-scale operations were also made possible by the completion of railroads, which could bring their large harvests to market. The farm was divided by Frederick Bagg among his five children and two of his key personnel.</p><br>
<p>Halcott Mountain is one of the Catskill Mountains of the USA state of New York. It is mostly located in Greene County, with some of its lower slopes in Delaware and Ulster counties. Its exact summit elevation has not been officially determined, but the highest contour line on the mountain is 3,520 ft. It is one of the peaks on the divide between the Delaware and Hudson watersheds.</p><br>
<p>As one of the Catskill High Peaks above 3,500 ft in elevation, a successful ascent of Halcott is required for peakbaggers seeking to join the Catskill Mountain 3500 Club. It is on public land, part of the Catskill Park Forest Preserve, but has no trail. Hikers bushwhack through the relatively open woods to sign the canister at the summit and prove their climb. It is considered one of the easiest of the 13 trailless High Peaks.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain spreads over a wide area. Most of it is located in the Greene County town of Lexington. Some of its lower eastern slopes are in Halcott to the west, and the tripoint of the three counties is on one of its southern ridges, putting those points south of the Greene County line in either the Ulster County town of Shandaken or Delaware County&#39;s Middletown. Most of the land on the mountain in Greene County is part of the 4,760 acre Halcott Mountain Wild Forest, managed by the state Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). The lower western slope is outside the Catskill Park Blue Line, and private tracts are at the base of its slopes in the other two counties. The nearest settlements are the small communities of Fleischmanns and Pine Hill a short distance to the southwest and south and smaller West Kill further away to the north.</p><br>
<p>On three sides Halcotts slopes are defined by alternating creek valleys and ridges that divide them. The eastern slopes are steeper, falling 1,700 ft into Deep Notch, the pass between it and Mount Sherrill to the east, traversed by state highway NY 42. The south slopes lead more gradually, with a few steep sections, to the Birch Creek valley. On the southwest the ridge with the tripoint continues to a 1,500 ft height of land between Halcott and 2,456 ft Monka Hill, site of the former Grand Hotel. Another, more westerly ridge reaches a 2,420 ft col between Halcott and one of the several South Mountains in the Catskills. Estimates of the mountains actual summit elevation range to the higher end of the 20-foot (6 m) contour interval, to as high as 3,541 ft.</p><br>
<p>The west slopes make a very gentle grade to the Elk Creek valley, with some steep portions on the northwest at the headwall of Hemlock Gully. To the north a ridge descends gently to 2,990 ft before rising again to the 3,408 ft peak officially unnamed</p><br>
<p>Bushnellsville Creek and an unnamed tributary drain the east side of the mountain, both feeding into Esopus Creek, whose waters are impounded downstream for New York Citys Ashokan Reservoir before draining into the Hudson. Bushnellsville and its tributary both form scenic waterfalls near the bottom of Halcotts slopes near Route 42. Birch Creek, which rises in the valleys south of Halcott, drains into the Esopus at Big Indian. Elk and Emory creeks (the former via Vly Creek) both drain into Bush Kill, which in turn empties into the East Branch of the Delaware near Arkville.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Like the Catskills as a whole, a dissected plateau, Halcott was formed not through the upthrust of rock layers but by the gradual erosion of stream valleys in an uplifted region about 350 mya. Its rock layers and bedrock are primarily Devonian and Silurian shale and sandstone. Later glaciation, primarily the Illinois and Wisconsin periods, shaped the slopes of the mountain, smoothing its slopes on the west when the ice was covering it and steepening the east slopes through erosion when the meltwater burst through Deep Notch.</p><br>
<p>Its soils are part of the Halcott-Vly association, reddish silt loams with a large concentration of fragmented rock. They are shallow and extremely acidic with low water capacity. As a result, they are erosion-prone and rock outcrops are frequent on the mountain slopes.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Halcott is extensively forested, primarily in mature northern hardwoods (beech, birch and maple), with some small Norway spruce and red pine plantations at lower elevations and scattered stands of hemlock left over from the era when those trees were heavily harvested for their tannin-rich bark. There is also a stand of paper birch on the southwestern slope of the mountain, as a result of past human disturbance. A 1908 forest fire resulted in a stand of yellow birch in the upper reaches of Hemlock Gully.</p><br>
<p>The slopes of the mountain were logged to some degree up to an average elevation of 3,150 ft, leaving a first-growth area of roughly 0.6 square miles on and below the summit. Trees in this area are stunted and twisted by the wind and weather exposure. There are no boreal evergreens, such as balsam fir and red spruce, as found on many other of the other Catskill High Peaks at these elevations. Some boreal herbs, such as wood sorrel, have remained at those elevations.</p><br>
<p>DEC estimates that there are 49 mammal species, 20 amphibians, 13 reptiles and 71 birds that live on the slopes and ridges. Among the more visible species are big game such as white-tailed deer and black bear. Fishers were reintroduced to the Catskills in the late 1970s; a few are taken by trappers every season. Among bird species, the bald eagles, red-throated hawk and the eastern bluebird (New York&#39;s state bird), are the first of which are considered threatened and the latter of concern, are present.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Halcott, like the town in which it is partially located, took its name from an early landowner. The west slopes of the mountain were cleared for agriculture to well over 2,000 feet (600 m) in the early days of settlement; the steeper slopes on the east side were generally not cleared much above the road. The exception to that was one field northwest of the former hamlet of Bushnellsville, which went up to 2,360 ft. Old stone walls and foundations remain in the forest on the mountain&#39;s lower slopes.</p><br>
<p>Between the fields and the first-growth forest on the summit is the forestry belt, where trees were cut by local farmers as firewood and hemlocks were harvested so that the tannin in their bark could be used to tan leather, a major regional industry that died out in the late 19th century when most of the accessible groves in the Catskills had been peeled and a synthetic process for making tannin was developed.</p><br>
<p>After the barkpeeling industry faded, the state created the Forest Preserve in 1885 to protect what was left by mandating that all the land owned by the state in what is now the Catskill Park be kept "forever wild" and not sold, leased or otherwise transferred. In 1894 that section was written into the state constitution. A few years later the state bought the lands around Halcott&#39;s summit. The west slope was acquired in 1934, with the state land holding reaching its current size by 1957.</p><br>
<p>DEC has done little management of the land, since no trail has ever been cut on the mountain and it has not needed to. The area is designated as a Wild Forest, allowing in theory for some intensive use, but that is only because it is too small to be a wilderness area. Under its own guidelines, land above 2,700 ft in wild forests is to be treated as wilderness. The peak has been on the 3500 Clubs list since its founding in 1962, and is also popular with hunters as well. In its 2001 unit management plan, DEC raised the possibility of building a trail to connect with another possible westward extension of the Devils Path over North Dome and Mount Sherrill in the West Kill Wilderness Area to the east, but so far that plan has gone no further.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The most commonly used approach to the summit, since it takes place entirely on public land, starts at the rough parking area on the west side of Route 42 south of Deep Notch, right next to the waterfall on the northern tributary of Bushnellsville Creek, at an elevation of roughly 1,800 ft. From here hikers generally follow the ridge to the west, trending a bit southward. Upon gaining the ridge at 3,000 ft, they follow it south up mostly gentle slopes to the mountain&#39;s summit, where a rough use path runs north-south to the canister, mounted on a cherry tree at the southern end. It is a 1,720 ft ascent via this route, with the round trip covering approximately six miles (9.6 km).</p><br>
<p>There are no views from the summit when the trees are in leaf, and in other seasons those views to the south are partially obstructed by other surrounding trees. Views may be available from the southern slopes at the top of steep drops.</p><br>
<p>Access from the south and west follows gentler slopes but requires gaining permission from landowners to cross private landholdings at the mountain&#39;s base. From the north it is possible to hike entirely on public land as well via a long approach across Northeast Halcott.</p><br>
<p>Kundudo or Kondudo  is a flat top mountain  in the Misraq  Hararghe Zone of the Oromia region of Ethiopia. Part of the 13 km range that bears its name, its summit lies east of the walled city of Harar, with a height of nearly 3,000 m.</p><br>
<p>In the same range, the Goba tarara (a term for mountain) holds a vast cave known since the nineteen hundreds, whilst at the southern end the Stinico tarara holds ancient engravings, unknown until 2008, in two recently studied small open caves. The summit is a flat grassland 13 hectare in area, and is the habitat of the only remaining feral horse population of East Africa, one of only two on the continent.</p><br>
<p>Below Kondudo lie the localities of Fugnan Bira (also named Gursum), Day Feres, Fugnan Hujuba, Ejersa Goro, Bedada, Goba, Sakhare and Yaya Guda. Nearby is also a shrine and a singular design mosque named by the locals after Sheikh Adem Goba.</p><br>
<h2>Human history</h2><br>
<p>This mountain was mentioned by the British explorer Richard F. Burton, whose party traveled along its Southern base January 1854, on their way to Harar.</p><br>
<p>On February 13&ndash;14, 2009, a group of six Italian and French speleologists explored a newly found cave of international interest. The cave is classified amongst the best five on the continent and is the only one in Ethiopia to contain a full variety of active speleothem kinds, or significant cave rock formations. The Kundudo limestone layers have been indicated by Prof. Viganó to contain more similar caves and vast fossil fields. As a consequence of these discoveries the whole area is being proposed for the constitution of an Oromia State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Feral horses</h2><br>
<p>The feral horse herd is less than 10 strong and is threatened by extinction. Four local peasants in Bedada and Goba have been trying to tame them and have sold the docile colts; livestock is now grazing the top of the amba. The ruins of an ancient undated mosque on the amba has been transformed into a cattle pen.</p><br>
<p>Emperor Haile Selassie I obtained his first mount from the Kundudo pack 107 years ago. This makes them the oldest known feral horse population in Africa.</p><br>
<p>The herd has been the focus since 2008 of six Italian and Italo-British ecologic mission to try and save it and offer locals economic alternatives to the peculiar areas destruction. Prof. Viganò, missions head, has been given a charge to attempt a rapid intervention from the Ethiopian Environment Protection Agency, later by the Oromia Tourism Commissioner.</p><br>
<p>The Addis Ababa office of the UNEP is monitoring his attempt.</p><br>
<p>A second mission in March 2008 has revealed the whereabouts of the captive horses and found rock paintings in a cave in the mountain complex, giving rise to hopes of future tourism development in the area. Seven horses were reported as then freed and presently on the amba&#39;s top by the Addis Ababa based GAG, a local interest group for the preservation of the Kundudo range and promote the Gursum area.</p><br>
<p>A major Italian aid organization is preparing a medium size aid programme that stems from the research. A series of related activities are being created to save the herd and promote the area as the end point of a tourist route named "the Extended East Route" to include Harar, the Awash National Park, the Kuni-Muktar Mountain Nyala Sanctuary and some other destinations of cultural, nature and historic interest in the East of Ethiopia, forming a destination cluster with Harar itself, including Koremi village, the Babille Elephant Sanctuary (or Harar Wildlife Sanctuary) and the nearby Dhakata valley, a number of rock painting locations between Harar and the Kundudo itself.</p><br>
<p>The site of the lost village of Althorp is within the grounds of the Althorp estate in the English county of Northamptonshire. The village is recorded in the Domesday Book. In the 15th century, the manor was held by the Catesby family who were probably responsible for clearing the settlement, for by 1505, the records show that there were no tenants. In 1508, the parish, including the cleared settlement of Althorp, was sold to John Spencer of Wormleighton in Warwickshire. By 1577, the land in the parish had been divided into four large sheep pastures.</p><br>
<h2>Remains today</h2><br>
<p>There are some signs of earthworks on the site but much has been damaged by later activities such as ploughing. The main feature is a broad hollow way which runs up the hillside and is 1.5 metres in depth. There are several platforms on the south side of the hollow which are thought to be the sites of dwellings.</p><br>
<p>The lost village of Braunston Cleves or Fawcliff once stood north of the village of Braunston in the English county of Northamptonshire. The village stood on the southwest slope of Cleve’s hill within the parish of Braunston. The history of this settlement is virtually unknown. It is thought that the settlement was part of the 11th-century manor which belonged to William Trusbott. The settlement passed to his daughter, Agatha Meinfelin, who in turn left the village to Delapré Abbey in Northampton. A charter of Edward III confirming the possessions of Delapré Abbey mentions a place called Fawcliff near Braunston. Nothing is known of why the village was deserted but it had certainly been destroyed by the 18th century.</p><br>
<h2>Remains today</h2><br>
<p>The remains of the village can be found at the head of a small valley where there is a spring. The village stood on the west bank of the water course. There is a series of depressions and platforms which were probably the sites of dwellings. Below the stream at the southern end of the site there are several ditched enclosures along which the stream flows today.</p><br>
<h2>Surrounding settlements</h2><br>
<p>In close vicinity to the lost village there are three other villages and one small hamlet called Little Braunston. The villages are called Braunston, Braunstonbury and Wolfhampcote of which the last two are both deserted villages.</p><br>
<p>The Lord Baltimore Hotel is located at 20 West Baltimore Street, on the northeast corner of the intersection with North Hanover Street, and one block west of the main downtown thoroughfare of North Charles Street, in the downtown area of Baltimore, Maryland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was designed by William Lee Stoddart and opened on December 30, 1928. The 22 story hotel, designed in the French Renaissance style, has a dark red brick veneer with limestone trim over a steel frame. The building, which is 289 feet tall, is topped with a tower featuring a mansard roof of copper, now aged with a green patina. It replaced the smaller but substantial Hotel Carswell, built shortly after the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904.</p><br>
<p>In 1958, after the Baltimore City Council considered but failed to pass an ordinance prohibiting racial segregation in public accommodations, the Lord Baltimore Hotel voluntarily ended its restrictive guest policies.</p><br>
<p>Following the redevelopment of the downtown area in the 1990s, the hotel is within walking distance of many Baltimore attractions such as the Inner Harbor, Camden Yards, and the National Aquarium.</p><br>
<p>The Lord Baltimore Hotel closed in 1982, needing a major renovation. It was bought by a partnership headed by local developer Saul Perlmutter in 1983 and was renovated in 1985. The partnership filed for bankruptcy in 1987 and the hotel was then taken over from its defunct creditor by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) during the savings and loan crisis of the mid-1980s.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was managed by Radisson Hotels through much of the 1990s as the Radission Plaza Lord Baltimore. The FDIC sold the hotel to Universal Equities, a Washington, D.C. group, in 1992 for $8.5 million. Universal, in turn, sold the hotel in January 1997 for $30 million. The new owners, Davidson Hotels, ended the association with Radisson. The hotel became, for a time the Hilton Baltimore & Towers.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was sold again in 2001 to Carlson Hotels, the owners of the Radisson Hotels franchise, regaining its previous name as the Radisson Plaza Lord Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was sold to Rubell Hotels of Miami, Florida for $10 million (US) in August 2013. It dropped the Radisson flag and reopened in 2014 as an independent hotel after undergoing a total remodeling of guest rooms, and restoration of the building&#39;s public spaces.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Lord Baltimore Hotel is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>Bancroft Tower is a 56 ft natural stone and granite tower, which looks like a miniature feudal castle. It is located in Salisbury Park, in the city of Worcester, Massachusetts. It was erected in 1900, in memory of Worcester native politician, historian, and statesman George Bancroft. The tower was designed by Worcester architects Earle and Fisher. The cost of construction was roughly $15,000. Bancroft Tower is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Bancroft Tower is located northwest of downtown Worcester, in Salisbury Park, a public park located west of Park Avenue and south of Drury Lane. It is a two-story stone structure, built out of boulders and cobbles, with a rock-faced granite exterior. It is asymmetrical in plan, with crenellated square towers at the corners and a taller off-center circular tower in between. To the right of that tower is an arched gate.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This tower was erected by Stephen Salisbury III in honor of George Bancroft, a prominent historian and statesmen who had been a childhood friend of Salisburys father. It was one of three towers built on high points of the city, and is the only one to survive. The park and tower remained in Salisburys ownership until his death in 1907. The tower was bequeathed to the Worcester Art Museum, which in turn donated it to the Worcester Parks Department in 1912. The Bancroft tower was listed on the National Register of Historical Places on March 5, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The foreman on the job was Cornelius Henry Donahue (1863–1924) from Worcester MA and Spa Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland. It was said he only hired other "Kerrymen".</p><br>
<h2>Plaque</h2><br>
<p>A plaque set into the ground in front of it explains its purpose:</p><br>
<p>BANCROFT TOWER</p><br>
<p>THIS TOWER WAS BUILT IN 1900</p><br>
<p>TO HONOR THE MEMORY OF</p><br>
<p>GEORGE BANCROFT</p><br>
<p>1800–1891</p><br>
<p>BORN AT THE FOOT OF THIS HILL</p><br>
<p>HE ROSE TO THE POSTS OF</p><br>
<p>SECRETARY OF THE NAVY</p><br>
<p>FOUNDER OF THE USA NAVAL ACADEMY</p><br>
<p>ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND</p><br>
<p>USA MINISTER TO GREAT BRITAIN</p><br>
<p>AND GERMANY</p><br>
<p>THIS MEMORIAL WAS BUILT BY HIS</p><br>
<p>FRIEND AND ADMIRER</p><br>
<p>STEPHEN SALISBURY III</p><br>
<p>Also notable about the small park in which the tower stands are the two half-compasses set into the ground in front of and behind the tower itself. They are marked as if they pointed to the other six of the Seven Hills of Worcester (Bancroft Hill itself being one of the seven), but it doesn&#39;t appear, from the top of the hill, that they really do.</p><br>
<p>Manitook Mountain, also called Manituck Mountain, 638 ft, is a 1.6 mi long traprock mountain ridge located between the Berkshires and the Connecticut River Valley in north-central Connecticut. It is an outlying ridge belonging to the narrow, linear Metacomet Ridge that extends from Long Island Sound near New Haven, Connecticut, north through the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts to the Vermont border. Manitook Mountain is known for its ledges and microclimate ecosystems. The mountain has no official trail.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Manitook Mountain ridgeline rises steeply to 400 ft above the surrounding landscape, with several distinct summits and a high point of 638 ft above sea level. Located entirely within Granby, Connecticut, its northern summit abuts the Connecticut/ Massachusetts border near Southwick, Massachusetts. The mountain is particularly prominent as viewed from the Congamond Lakes to the north.</p><br>
<p>The north side of the mountain drains into the Congamond Lakes then into Great Brook, thence to the Westfield River, the Connecticut River, and Long Island Sound. The remainder of the mountain is of the Salmon Brook watershed, which drains into the Farmington River, thence into the Connecticut River.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and ecology</h2><br>
<p>Manitook Mountain, like much of the Metacomet Ridge, is composed of basalt, also called traprock, a volcanic rock. The mountain formed near the end of the Triassic Period with the rifting apart of the North American continent from Africa and Eurasia. Lava welled up from the rift and solidified into sheets of strata hundreds of feet thick. Subsequent faulting and earthquake activity tilted the strata, creating the cliffs and ridgeline of Manitook Mountain. Hot, dry upper slopes, cool, moist ravines, and mineral-rich ledges of basalt talus produce a combination of microclimate ecosystems on the mountain that support plant and animal species uncommon in greater Connecticut. Manitook Mountain is also an important raptor migration path. (See Metacomet Ridge for more information on the geology and ecosystem of Manitook Mountain).</p><br>
<h2>Conservation and recreation</h2><br>
<p>Expanding suburban sprawl presents the greatest threats to the unique ecosystem and landscape of Manitook Mountain. As of 2007, much of the mountain was still wooded and undeveloped. The Granby Land Trust manages several properties on and near the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Fort Toulouse , also called Fort des Alibamons and Fort Toulouse des Alibamons, is a historic fort near the city of Wetumpka, Alabama, United States, that is now maintained by the Alabama Historical Commission. The French founded the fort in 1717, naming it for Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, comte de Toulouse. In order to counter the growing influence of the British colonies of Georgia and Carolina, the government of French Louisiana erected a fort on the eastern border of the Louisiana Colony in what is now the state of Alabama.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fort was also referred to as the Post of the Alabama, named after the Alabama tribe of Upper Creek Indians, who resided just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers on the upper reaches of the Alabama River.</p><br>
<p>The number of troops in garrison varied between 20 to 50 French Colonial Marines. Living and working at the fort, the Marines traded extensively with the local Creek Native Americans and cultivated friendly relations with them. The French would trade European goods such as Flintlock guns, ammunition, and gunpowder, iron tools, knives, glass beads, copper pots, and wool blankets in exchange for local food stuffs, fur and deerskins. According to tradition, the French commander Captain Jean Baptiste Louis DeCourtel Marchand married the high-status Creek woman Sehoy in about 1720. Later generations of Sehoys descendants include the Creek chiefs Alexander McGillivray, and William Weatherford, who inherited their status in the matrilineal tribe from their mothers clans.</p><br>
<p>Due to the poor living conditions at the fort, which was neglected by the French government, the troops mutinied in 1722. They killed Captain Marchand and captured the other officers, tying them up before leaving the fort. The imprisoned officers managed to escape, and with the help of nearby Creek, they captured the mutineers and sent them to Fort Conde in Mobile for punishment.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1740s, conditions had improved at the fort. Many soldiers had married French women from Mobile or intermarried with the local Creek. They and other settlers developed numerous farms nearby, which led to improved food supplies. The humid climate caused deterioration of the fort by the late 1740s, and the French planned for a third fort to be built. Under the direction of Captain Francois Saucier, soldiers finished the reconstruction of Fort Toulouse about 1751. It cost nearly half of the military budget for the whole Louisiana colony.</p><br>
<p>In 1763 the Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. As the French had been defeated by the British and ceded their territory, the French garrison spiked their cannons and left for New Orleans and an eventual return to France for some. The British chose not to occupy the Fort, which eventually collapsed into decay. In 1776 the naturalist William Bartram noted visiting the area while studying local flora and fauna.</p><br>
<p>During the War of 1812 and the simultaneous Creek War, General Andrew Jackson encamped his troops on the site of the old Fort Toulouse. He ordered construction of a larger fort, which was named Fort Jackson by General Joseph Graham in honor of Jackson&#39;s victories against the Creek and in the Battle of New Orleans.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Toulouse-Fort Jackson State Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark by the Department of Interior in 1960. During the American Bicentennial, local groups supported reconstruction of Fort Toulouse. But the replica was incorrectly built upon the outline of the much larger Fort Jackson rather than the historic French fort.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s the park was acquired by the Alabama Historical Commission. It dismantled the incorrect replica and constructed a replica of Fort Toulouse near its original site. This will allow for a future reconstruction of Ft. Jackson on its site (occupied successively by the two forts). Archeological excavations have been continuing at the site, supervised by Dr. Craig Sheldon of Auburn University at Montgomery.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Toulouse-Fort Jackson State Historic Site has living history programs to portray and interpret the lives of the Creek inhabitants, the French colonists and the USA military troops associated with the War of 1812. The fort is located southwest of Wetumpka, off of USA Highway 231.</p><br>
<p>Chilhowee Mountain is a low ridge in the USA state of Tennessee at the outer edge of the Great Smoky Mountains that stretches between the Little Tennessee River  to the west and the Little Pigeon River watershed to the east. While not entirely within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the mountain&#39;s crest is traversed by the westernmost section of Foothills Parkway.</p><br>
<p>While the mountain is 35 mi long, it rarely reaches a width of more than 3 or 4 mi. Little River cuts a large gap in the middle of the mountain (near Walland), dividing it into eastern and western sections. The highest point on the western section is 2,650 ft at a knob known as Look Rock. The highest point on the eastern section, known as "The Three Sisters," rises to 2,843 feet (866m), and is a prominent landmark visible from nearby Maryville, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>Chilhowee Mountain derives its name from Chilhowee, a Cherokee village in the 18th-century and before that possibly the Creek village called Chalahume by Juan Pardo. In English spelling it has also been written "Chilhoe". The origin of the name is unclear and there are various theories. It is probably derived from Muskogean or Cherokee.</p><br>
<p>Camp Ruston was one of the largest prisoner-of-war camps in the United States during World War II, with 4,315 prisoners at its peak in October 1943. Camp Ruston served as the "base camp" and had 8 smaller work branch camps associated to it. Camp Ruston included three large, separated compounds for POWs, a full, modern hospital compound, and a compound for the American personnel. One of the POW compounds, located in the far northwestern part of the camp was designated for officers. The officer&#39;s compound&#39;s barracks were constructed to house a lesser number of POWs affording more privacy and room for the officers. The enlisted men&#39;s barracks were designed to house a maximum 50 POWs in two rows of bunks that ran along each side. POW latrines were separate buildings located at the end of each compound.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and WAC use</h2><br>
<p>Camp Ruston was built by the local T.L. James Company under the supervision of the USA Army Corps of Engineers on 770 acre about seven miles (11 km) west of Ruston, Louisiana in 1942. The land was purchased for $24,200, and construction cost $2.5 million. Camp Ruston was originally designated as an "Enemy Alien Internment Camp", a detention facility for internees of Japanese ancestry. Plans for the internment of enemy aliens that may have also included internees of German and Italian ancestries never developed and the need for additional enemy alien internment camps were abandoned. It soon became evident that Camp Ruston&#39;s usage plan would change due to the unexpected number of POWs being housed in Europe needing to be transferred.</p><br>
<p>The camp served first as a training center for the Fifth Womens Army Corps from March to June 1943. Approximately 2,000 WACs received basic training at the camp. Once plans for prisoners were made to bring prisoners to Camp Ruston, the WAC training center was moved in order to make room for the expected large numbers of POWs captured in the European and Northern African Theaters.</p><br>
<h2>POW camp</h2><br>
<p>From June 1943 to June 1946, the camp served as one of more than 500 prisoner of war camps in the United States. The first 300 POWs, from Field Marshal Erwin Rommel’s elite Afrika Korps, arrived at Camp Ruston in August 1943. During the years from 1943 through 1946, thousands of German captives made their way to Camp Ruston. In addition, captured German soldiers of French, Austrian, Italian, Czech, Polish, Yugoslav, Romanian nationalities, and over 100 Russian prisoners were also housed in the camp. One report describes several German soldiers with "Mongol features" and that they required special diets in keeping with their Islamic faith. It was later learned that these "Muhammadans" were from Chechnya.</p><br>
<p>Declassified memos from the Russian POWs to the camp commander indicated that while the Russians were prisoners they volunteered to fight against the Japanese for the Americans. Their request was denied by the Americans and the fate of these Russian POW&#39;s became one of the most interesting stories of Camp Ruston. During the meeting at Yalta, Stalin specifically mentions these Russian POWs held at Camp Ruston and requests their return to Russia. The US agreed to send these POWs back to Russia and eventually transfers them from Camp Ruston to Camp Dix in NJ for their trip home. The Russian POWs, who fought against Russia as German soldiers, knew their fate if they were to return. Records and news accounts indicate that the Russians rioted and started fires in their barracks at Camp Dix to protest. Two Russian POWs hanged themselves from the barrack rafters rather than face their inevitable fate. After leaving Camp Dix the trail and story of the remaining Russian POWs from Camp Ruston mysteriously ends.</p><br>
<p>In late July 1944, the captured surviving 56 officers and crew of were sent to the camp and kept in isolation in a restricted area in the NE corner of the camp in order to prevent them from communicating to the enemy that secret German naval codes had fallen into Allied hands. Numerous declassified secret National Archive documents regarding these UBoat POWs are housed in the archives. A copy captain Harold Lange&#39;s log of the U-505s voyage can be found in the La. Tech archives. Interestingly, the last entry in the log suggests that Lange actually pre-wrote the evenings entry earlier and before the capture, as his entry stated that on the evening of the 4th everything was calm. The U-505 had been captured earlier in the day of June 4.</p><br>
<p>Records indicate that one American was kept as a POW at Camp Ruston. Ludwig Staudinger, Jr. was born in Germany in 1921. His family left Germany and immigrated to the west coast of the US near Yakima, Washington. As the war in Europe began, the young German Americans allegiance to his mother country drew him into joining the German army prior to the Americas entry into the war. He left Yakima and fought in the early years of the war. Staudinger was captured by the English and eventually, this naturalized American, fighting for his mother country found himself a German POW in his naturalized country.</p><br>
<p>During their incarceration in Camp Ruston, the prisoners benefited from food, medical care, and physical surroundings which were better than what their countrymen were experiencing at home. They were permitted to engage in athletic and craft activities and allowed to organize an orchestra, a theater, and a library.</p><br>
<p>Those prisoners who were enlisted men were required to work at the camp and for farms and businesses across north Louisiana. They picked cotton, felled timber, built roads, and performed other tasks to help solve the domestic labor shortage caused by the war. They were paid in scrip which they could use in the camp canteen. There are numerous accounts of POWs and locals meeting and becoming "friends" during their stay. Officers were not required to work but could if they desired. One such case involved Hans Stollenwerk, an Afrika Corp lieutenant, who worked as an assistant to one of the camps civilian accountants. Stollenworks art had been given to the accountant as he left Camp Ruston. The artwork was found in an old barn near Arcadia, Louisiana and donated to the Camp Ruston Foundation nearly 50 years later.</p><br>
<p>In 1944, the War Department began a program to educate prisoners of war throughout the United States in academic subjects and democratic values. One source of books was the library of Louisiana Polytechnic Institute (now Louisiana Tech University). Some prisoners even took correspondence courses from major American universities. Many of the prisoners cite this instruction as the beginning of Democracy in post-war Germany. Contrary to several poorly researched books and videos made about Camp Ruston, the POW&#39;s did not wear there military uniforms during their internment. There were several occasions where POWs were photographed posing in their national uniform for Christmas cards and funerals, but these occasions were very rare at Camp Ruston. Each POW, were issued US surplus khaki uniforms with the letters "PW" painted on the back of each shirt and coats as well as the front pant legs of their trousers. This fact was corroborated during interviews of American guards as well as numerous former POWs. A POW issued uniform was donated by a former POW to the Camp Ruston Foundation and is now located in the archives.</p><br>
<p>Only 34 prisoners escaped and remained free for over 24 hours, and only one was never recaptured. The most famous escape was performed by a German soldier named Charly King. Born on Christmas Day in 1921, King. then 24 years old, spoke perfect German, English as well as Spanish and was said to be well educated, possibly an engineer or an architect. He managed to escape from one of Camp Ruston&#39;s branch camp at Bastrop La. and eventually made his way to neutral Mexico where he spent several months. In Mexico, King was involved in a serious truck accident where he spent several months recuperating from his injuries. He eventually hopped a ship back to Germany. According to one of his American guards, King was a pleasant prisoner whom the American guards liked and respected. based on a Spione interview, the guard remembered that Charly had told him that he needed to return to Germany in order to take care of his mother, whom he feared would fall into Russian hands. The F.B.I. continued to search for him for many years.</p><br>
<p>At least nine prisoners died at Camp Ruston, including a Russian Major. These deaths resulted from previous wounds and illnesses, or, in one case, from an attack by other prisoners. A small cemetery, located at the north east tip of the property, near what now is the east bound lane of Interstate 20, remained until all the buried POWs were exhumed and returned to their countries. One of the most interesting story regarding POW deaths occurred when a German POW died at the camp. The Germans requested that the German/Nazi flag be draped over his coffin for his funeral. There were no Nazi flags available, when one female civilian American employee, Myra Roberts of Ruston sewed a Nazi flag for the funeral. The flag was kept by Roberts for many years but was misplaced before it could be saved for the archives. It was also noted that a Russian Major had died of a heart attack and was buried in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The last prisoners left Camp Ruston in February 1946 for repatriation to their native countries. Most of the POWs however were not immediately repatriated to their native countries for fear of "dumping" all these trained soldiers back into their defeated countries. Many were kept up to 2 additional years in camps in England, Belgium and France before being repatriated. Interviews indicated that for many those two years at the hands of their European holders were much worse than their experiences at Camp Ruston. Contrary to some beliefs, only a few POWs remained in the US. The vast majority of POWs were shipped back to Europe and eventually back to their respective countries. A relatively small number of prisoners who were deemed important to the US and wished to stay were offered the opportunity. One story of a POW remaining in the US was that of Ensign Karl Pfaff. Pfaff was a 21 year old ensign aboard the German U-boat 234 captured 7 days after the German surrender. With orders directly from Hitler to not surrender, the U-boat, destination Japan, finally surfaced and gave their coordinates to the US Navy rather than surrender to the British, who were given false coordinates by the sub. The U-234 surrendered to the US Navy. The U-234 was a treasure trove of information for the US. Loaded on the sub were detailed plans for rockets, a jet plane in a crate as well as over 200 Kilos of Uranium Oxide. Additionally two high ranking Japanese military officers were on board. They committed suicide rather than being captured. Pfaff, who was an engineer and spoke English was able to help the Americans locate the Uranium which was well hidden in a false wall surrounding the conning tower of the sub. According to interviews conducted by Vince Spione, Pfaff was allowed to stay in the US, gain citizenship and flourished in business until he died in the early 2000s. He had been removed from the rest of the U-234 crew who were sent to Papago Park AZ while Pfaff was sent to Camp Ruston. After securing a job with a major US manufacturing firm, Pfaff recalls visiting the site of his former POW experience on several occasions. Mark Scalia later recounts the capture of the U-234 in his book, Germanys Last Mission to Japan. A number of former POWs eventually returned to the US as immigrants after their return to their native countries.</p><br>
<p>From 1947 to 1958, the site of the camp served as a state tuberculosis sanatorium, and in 1959, it became the Ruston Developmental Center, a facility for the mentally disabled. Much of the area once populated by prisoner barracks is now part of a livestock facility for Louisiana Tech University. The remaining hospital compound barracks are located next to a student housing complex administered by Grambling State University. The remaining buildings have not been maintained and are in need of extensive repair.</p><br>
<p>Most of the prisoners had established amicable relationships with the American personnel at the camp and with the local people for whom they worked. Over the years former prisoners returned to Ruston and in 1984 a number of them join local residents in a 40th anniversary reunion. In 1995 several former POWs returned to Ruston to participate in the Camp Ruston Symposium. During their stay they confirmed the friendships they had made in Ruston during the war.</p><br>
<h2>Camp Ruston documentation project</h2><br>
<p>In the 1990s, increased efforts were undertaken to preserve the history of Camp Ruston by the state of Louisiana. The project was overseen and led by Vince Spione. Spione also founded and acted as the president of the non-profit Camp Ruston Foundation. On December 13, 1991, the camp’s remaining buildings were placed on the National Register of Historic Places, by the state of Louisiana. The four remaining building as well as the site did not meet the initial requirements for approval due to the site being under the 50 year old mark. Spione petitioned the committee to waive this requirement for fear that the buildings would be dismantled and was successful in convincing the committee to approve the building and site for inclusion into the NHR. In 1994, Spione worked with Louisiana Tech University and the Ruston Developmental Center to begin the Camp Ruston Documentation Project to collect historical materials concerning Camp Ruston. Funded by the Camp Ruston Foundation and Mercedes Benz, Spione traveled to Germany, Italy and Yugoslavia where he interviewed numerous former POWs who were housed at Camp Ruston. He had also met with numerous former POWs, camp civilian and military staff as they visited the former site from 1977 until he left Ruston in 2000. His interviews and well as numerous artifacts given to him by the POWs now reside in the La Tech archives for safekeeping and to be used by future scholars. Beginning in the late 70&#39;s until 2000, Spione continued to manage the project for the Developmental Center. Over those years numerous documents, photographs, paintings, carvings, letters, oral histories and many other artifacts were collected and kept at the center. A major donation by Mark Scalia of all the National Archive records pertaining to Camp Ruston proved invaluable for researchers. In 2000 all of the collected artifacts were transferred to La. Tech archives for their safekeeping by the Camp Ruston Foundation and Ruston Developmental Center.</p><br>
<p>During 1994-95, several events and activities were held which brought attention to Camp Ruston. These included an archaeological survey of the Camp Ruston site, conducted by Mark Scalia a Tech graduate student. The archaeological exercise proved to be valuable in its finding of several significant artifacts such as a stone castle built by the German POWs as well as pinpointing and mapping the actual remnants of the original guard towers and water tower. Additional attention in the form of symposiums, talks to regional historical organizations and to schools, appearances on local and national television, exhibits, slide presentations, and provision of material for a taped segment on Camp Ruston for the LPB-TV program “Louisiana: The State We’re In.” added to the interests of Camp Ruston during that period. Several news stories of POWs visiting the site were produced by CBS news as well as international documentaries produced by South German Television and Austrian TV. Spiones visit to the former Yugoslavia, where he conducted rare interviews with former POW&#39;s was documented by the Slovenian newspapers in an extensive story outlining the POW experience as conscripted Yugoslavian soldiers in the German army. A copy of the news story is housed in the archives.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, a second story was produced by LPB on Camp Ruston.</p><br>
<p>In 1998 Spione reviewed declassified National Archives records that listed the capture and internment records of the crew of the captured U-505. It was already known that the crew was kept incommunicado at Camp Ruston but The Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, where the U-505 is displayed had no records of this. The museum had indicated that their information had the crew being kept as POWs in Bermuda. This is true as the captured mariners were initially taken to Bermuda but for only a brief time when they were secretly moved and kept in the far eastern compound of Camp Ruston. Spione shared these declassified documents with the curator of the museums U-505 exhibit. When the museum updated the exhibit they made the appropriate changes that now reflect the updated and more accurate information regarding the 505 crew and their internment at Camp Ruston.</p><br>
<p>The records and physical artifacts related to Camp Ruston continue to grow in the archives maintained by the Special Collections Department at Louisiana Tech University. Of the remaining buildings from the camp only several from the original hospital compound remain, however the owners, the state of Louisiana, have done little to preserve or protect them and recent photographs indicate that they are in very poor condition. All the original POW barracks and compound buildings were demolished not long after the POWs left.</p><br>
<h2>Prominent former POWs</h2><br>
<p>Many of the soldiers interned at Camp Ruston had occupations prior to the war such as doctors, engineers, professors, artist and famous writers. Among those to achieve notoriety after the war were:</p><br>
<p>Heinz Lettau - Luftwaffe major during the war, Lettau emigrated to the USA and became one of America&#39;s preeminent meteorologists and a professor of physics at the University of Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>Alfred Andersch - an Army soldier who deserted to USA forces in Italy, Andersch became Germany&#39;s controversial modern novelist. Andersch wrote his only known non-fiction story, "In Memory of Captain Fleisher", a true account of his friendship and memories of the Jewish, POW camp doctor who Andersch became friends with while interned at the camp.</p><br>
<p>Hans Goebeler - perhaps the most well-known member of the U-505 crew, Goebeler emigrated to the USA after the war. He was a fixture at U-boat events and war memorabilia shows. Goebeler recorded his experiences on the U-505 crew and in Camp Ruston in Steel Boats, Iron Hearts: A U-boat Crewman&#39;s Life Aboard U-505. Spione interviewed Goebeler in Ruston. The oral interview records are now located in the LA. Tech Archives.</p><br>
<p>Karl Pfaff - German naval ensign on the U-234, who was captured and surrendered to the US Navy on 14 May 1945, seven days after Germany surrendered. The U-234 was on a mission to deliver secret weapons and plans to the Japanese who were still at war with the US. Pfaff cooperated with the US authorities and helped them locate a hidden stash of Uranium Oxide on the U-234. Pfaff was separated from the rest of the crew and sent to Camp Ruston. Pfaff was one of the rare POW&#39;s that was allowed to stay in the US without returning to Germany.</p><br>
<p>Hans Stollenwerk - a young Afrika Corp tank Lieutenant. captured in North Africa. He later returned to establish a successful manufacturing business in Cologne. During his time at Camp Ruston Stollenwerk drew numerous pictures of automobiles of his childhood. Nearly fifty years after Stollenwerk left Camp Ruston, Vince Spione was able to find several of his drawings. Spione informed Stollenwerk of this find, sent him copies of the drawing just days prior to Stollenwerk&#39;s death.</p><br>
<p>Cesare Puelli - An Italian officer serving in the elite Italian Officer&#39;s Corp. He was captured in Northern Africa. He was interned at Camp Ruston for part of his POW experience. Puelli was an intellectual and art professor in Italy. Puelli participated in the Camp Ruston symposium and donated numerous items to the Camp Ruston Foundation which are now located at the LA Tech archives. Puelli participated in numerous Camp Ruston Italian POW reunions which were held in Italy.</p><br>
<p>Earnst Paul - One of the several German POW&#39;s that died at the camp and were buried at Camp Ruston. His body was exhumed and returned to Germany after the war.</p><br>
<p>Horst Blumberg - German Air Force pilot who was shot down in his BF 109 Messerschmidt by American fire near Normandy. After his capture by American soldiers, he was kept as a POW at Camp Ruston. Blumberg&#39;s oral history of his dramatic capture and time at Camp Ruston may be found in the archives.</p><br>
<h2>Movies and books</h2><br>
<p>Playing with the Enemy, published by Savas Beatie, is the story of Gene Moore, a young baseball prodigy drafted by the Brooklyn Dodgers. His career is interrupted by World War II and he is assigned to a USA Navy baseball team playing exhibition games to entertain the troops in North Africa. After D-Day, his team is sent to Virginia where the U-505 crew has arrived from Bermuda. The Navy baseball team secretly escorts the submarine crew to Camp Ruston. Moore and his teammates teach the submariners to play baseball. A major motion picture by the same name was under production and was scheduled for release in Fall 2009. The film would have starred Jack Nicholson, Gary Sinise and other well-known actors.</p><br>
<p>Savas Beatie plans to publish a book on the U-505 crew&#39;s internment at Camp Ruston, coinciding with the release of the movie Playing with the Enemy.</p><br>
<p>For a short history of Camp Ruston, see Fish Out of Water: Nazi Submariners as Prisoners of War in North Louisiana During World War II, by Wesley Harris.</p><br>
<p>The lost village of Braunstonbury lies in low ground south-west of the village of Braunston in the English county of Northamptonshire. Its site is on the eastern bank of the River Leam, which also marks the border between Northamptonshire and Warwickshire.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the site on the west side of the river Leam is the site of the lost village of Wolfhampcote which straddled the county border of both counties.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Very little information is known about Braunstonbury, probably because it was regarded as part of the nearby village of Braunston. It has never been listed separately in taxation records. It is thought that the settlement was part of the 11th-century manor which belonged to William Trusbott. The settlement passed to his daughter, Hilary de Bulliers, who in turn left the village to the Abbey of Lilleshall in the county of Shropshire. At the time of the dissolution of the monasteries the settlement and land was sold to the Earl of Rutland, who already owned property in the vicinity. An estate map of 1785 shows the area lacking any buildings although the undoubted medieval boundaries of Braunstonbury are shown.</p><br>
<h2>Remains Today</h2><br>
<p>The remains of the village lie within an almost square area of land bounded to the north by a low valley which was once occupied by fishponds. On the western boundary are the remains of a bank approximately 1.5 to 2 metres high. On the southern boundary is a low bank which runs into the remains of a (now disused) railway line that was built across part of the southern boundary. There are also the remains of a low bank on the eastern boundary of the village. Cutting across the north-west corner of the site is a hollowed way which was once the lane that connected the village to nearby Braunston. In the north-west corner there is a very defined rectangular ditch around a raised platform where once stood a medieval manor house. The rest of the village can be made out by extensive earthworks and some traces of stonework can be found. A large quantity of medieval pottery dating from the 14th and 15th centuries has been found along the edge of a stream that runs along the northern boundary of the settlement. The stream once fed the fishponds that filled the low valley here.</p><br>
<h2>In the Vicinity</h2><br>
<p>The area around the lost settlement is rich in industrial archaeology. The remains of the original route of the Oxford Canal, which was abandoned in the 1830s, can be traced through the area. There are also the remains of two abandoned railway lines, the first being the old Weedon to Leamington Spa railway, which closed in 1963, and the second being the Great Central Railway, which closed in 1966. The former passes over the southern boundaries of the village and quite close to Wolfhampcote church.</p><br>
<p>Guairá Falls  were a series of immense waterfalls on the Paraná River along the border between Brazil and Paraguay. The falls ceased to exist in 1982 when they were inundated by the impoundment of the Itaipu Dam reservoir. While published figures vary, ranging from 470,000 cuft per second Guaíra&#39;s flow rate was among the greatest of any then-existing falls on Earth.</p><br>
<p>The falls comprised 18 cataracts clustered in seven groups—hence their Portuguese name, Sete Quedas (Seven Falls)—near the Brazilian municipality of Guaíra, Paraná and Salto de Guairá, the easternmost city in Paraguay. The falls were located at a point where the Paraná River was forced through a narrow gorge. At the head of the falls, the river narrowed sharply from a width of about 1,250 ft to 200 ft. The total height of the falls was approximately 375 ft, while the largest individual cataract was 130 ft high. The roar of the plunging water could be heard from 20 mi away.</p><br>
<h2>Submergence</h2><br>
<p>A tourist attraction and a favorite of locals, the falls were completely submerged under the artificial lake created by the Itaipu Dam, linchpin of the world&#39;s largest hydroelectric project to date upon its completion in 1982. The building of the dam, authorized by a 1973 bilateral agreement between the Brazilian and Paraguayan regimes of the time, marked a new era of cooperation between the countries, both of which had claimed ownership of Guaíra Falls as its own.</p><br>
<p>As construction of the Itaipu Dam progressed, thousands of visitors flocked to the area to see the falls before they disappeared forever. Disaster struck on January 17, 1982, when a suspended footbridge affording access to a particularly spectacular view of the falls collapsed, killing dozens of tourists.</p><br>
<p>Brazilian poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade wrote a poem expressing his dismay at the destruction of Guaíra Falls. Set in large type, the poem filled an entire page in the Jornal do Brasil newspaper:Here seven visions, seven liquid sculpturesvanished through the computerized calculationsof a country ceasing to be humanin order to become a chilly corporation, nothing more.A movement becomes a dam.</p><br>
<p>Earlier, as the waters began to rise, a demonstration took place, as hundreds of people gathered to participate in a guarup, an indigenous ritual in memory of the falls. The inundation took only 14 days, occurring during the rainy season when the level of the Paraná River was high. By October 27, 1982, the reservoir was fully formed and the falls had vanished. The Brazilian government later dynamited the submerged rock face of the falls, to promote safer navigation on the river.</p><br>
<p>The director of the company that built the dam was quoted as saying, "Were not destroying Seven Falls. Were just going to transfer it to Itaipu Dam, whose spillway will be a substitute for beauty".</p><br>
<p>Southwest Hunter Mountain  is a subpeak of Hunter Mountain, located in Greene County, New York.</p><br>
<p>SW Hunter is considered one of the Catskills&#39; High Peaks in its own right, because of its separation from the main summit, and its topographic prominence.</p><br>
<p>Hunter Mountain is named after John Hunter, who also gave his name to the town of Hunter.</p><br>
<p>Southwest Hunter is part of the Devil&#39;s Path range of the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>SW Hunter is flanked to the northeast by the main summit of Hunter Mtn., and to the west faces West Kill Mountain across 800-ft-deep Diamond Notch. It is considered a bushwack, as there are no registered trails leading to its summit. There is, however, a herd path 0.1 mi west of Devil&#39;s Acre Lean-to marked by a small rock cairn that leads to the summit canister, following the ridge for 3/4 mile and then turning uphill to the peak (note that this upward turn is easy to miss and is only marked by an arrow scratched onto a nearby rock).</p><br>
<p>Southwest Hunter stands within the watershed of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The north side of SW Hunter drains into the headwaters of West Kill, thence into Schoharie Creek, the Mohawk River, and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The southeast slopes of SW Hunter drain into Myrtle Brook, thence into Stony Clove Creek, Esopus Creek, and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The southwest side of SW Hunter drains into Hollow Brook, thence into Stony Clove Creek.</p><br>
<p>Hunter Mountain is contained within the Hunter Mountain Wild Forest of New York&#39;s Catskill State Park.</p><br>
<p>This Mountain is unnamed in the GNIS database, there is an effort underway to get the peak named Leavitt Peak in honor Bill & Elinore Leavitt, two of the founders of the.</p><br>
<p>The lost village of Canons Ashby is located in ground to the north of Canons Ashby House in the English county of Northamptonshire. Today there is still a small village around the house but this is located away from the original settlement, since the original settlement is now just field occupied by a herd of cows.</p><br>
<p>Ascebi is the name of the medieval village that is the lost settlement, Canons Ashby itself is currently not lost at all and people can easily find it on any map.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lost village of Canons Ashby is listed in the Domesday book of 1086 with a recorded population of 16. In 1105 an Augustinian priory was founded here at the southern end of the village. The priory soon became the owner of most of the parish. In 1301, 18 residents had paid the Lay Subsidy, which was a tax based on the value of lands and possessions and was used to raise money for the Crown to facilitate such things as payment of military forces and building of ships. In 1316 the village has an entry in the Nomina Villarum, which was a list made of all cities, boroughs and townships, and the lords of them, which was carried out for King Edward III. In 1343 there were 41 houses in the village. In 1377 the poll tax was paid by 82 people of the village. The prior of the nearby priory enclosed some land of the village depriving it of 100 acre and destroying three houses. In 1492 the prior evicted another 24 people from their homes. By 1524 there were only 21 residents eligible for tax and by 1535 this number had dropped to nine. On the dissolution of the monasteries in 1537 the village and the priory came into the ownership of Sir Francis Bryon who in turn sold it to Sir John Cope a year later. This probably saw the demise of the village as Cope is recorded as having 2,000 sheep upon the parish. The Hearth Tax returns of 1674 show only five tax-payers in the parish.</p><br>
<h2>Remains today</h2><br>
<p>The surviving earthworks on the site are in good condition and indicate the large size of this lost village. The original main street was on the line of the north-south running lane that still leads past Canons Ashby House. There are hollow ways that cross the lane east to west indicating other village thoroughfares. To the east of this hollow way there are a series of embanked paddocks and platforms of former buildings. Over the whole of the site there are the same sort of features and with close scrutiny the format of the village can almost be made out. Over the years several sherds of medieval pottery have been found, dating from the 13th and 14th centuries.</p><br>
<p>St. Philip&#39;s Church in the Highlands is an Episcopal church located on New York State Route 9D in the hamlet of Garrison, New York, United States. It is a stone Gothic Revival building designed by Richard Upjohn, a congregant of the church, opened in 1865.</p><br>
<p>The church itself has a long and complex history, dating back to colonial times. Its development has paralleled and sometimes spurred that of the Garrison community itself, and it was accepted for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. However, the church itself objected, and it was not formally added to the Register until 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Colonial era and Revolution</h3><br>
<p>The church was originally established ca. 1770 when St. Peters Church in Peekskill was granted charter by King George III. The wardens, Beverley Robinson and Charles Moore, decided to establish a parish to the north, in the area known as Four Corners, to serve families in that area. After a short period in another church and a parishioners home, a small wooden chapel was built where the present church stands. The current graveyard was also started at the same time. The new complex was possibly named St. Philips in honor of the Philipse family, original patentees of the area and Robinsons in-laws.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John Doty, the first rector of both churches, left for Nova Scotia after a few years as he was a staunch Loyalist in an area increasingly divided over revolutionary politics. Robinson, too, declined an invitation from his friend John Jay to swear allegiance to the newly created United States, and actively worked to support the British by organizing the Loyal American Legion and coordinating intelligence-gathering efforts. His lands and home were eventually confiscated by the new government of New York, and he left for England after the war, never to return.</p><br>
<p>A similar fate would befall half of St. Philips families, and the church was so despised locally for its Tory associations that legend has it a mob came together to burn it down at one point during the later years. They were supposedly dissuaded from doing so by George Washington himself, who stood at the door and said "That, sir, is my church!" In gratitude the stained glass window in the churchs vestibule depicts him.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Revolution</h3><br>
<p>For the first few years of American independence, the church lay vacant as it and the community began to rebuild. In 1786 William Denning, who had taken over from Robinson as both landowner and warden, had the altar and interior refurbished.</p><br>
<p>Garrison Union Free School, erected for local families in the 1830s, still stands and has been moved across Route 9D. The church was rebuilt in 1837. In 1840, with Garrison and the church itself becoming populous enough to rival Peekskill and St. Peter&#39;s, the parish was separately incorporated. A board and batten rectory was built in 1854.</p><br>
<h3>New building</h3><br>
<p>A new pastor, the Rev. Charles Frederick Hoffman, arrived in May 1860. The completion of the Hudson River Railroad through nearby Garrison Landing had made the community more accessible to New York City and a desirable place to live for some of the most socially prominent families of the day, many of whom were congregants. Hoffman saw that the growing church needed a new building.</p><br>
<p>His congregation responded. Henry Belcher donated three acres (1.2 ha) for the building and grounds, and others raised $10,000 for its construction. The design came from another worshipper at St. Philips, Richard Upjohn, already famous for Manhattans Trinity Church. The new structure, a one-story Gothic Revival building of gray granite, was finished in 1861 and consecrated the next year.</p><br>
<p>In the decades afterwards, a carriage house and shed were built near the church. At the turn of the century, a parish house was built.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The early years of the 20th century would be marked by a bitter controversy within the church when a chapel established to the east of the mountains inland became first the site of a monastery and then home to the Graymoor Friars, who left Anglicanism for the Roman Catholic Church in 1909. St. Philip&#39;s insisted it retained title to the land (now at the junction of US Route 9, NY Route 403 and the Appalachian Trail) and it took an act of the state legislature to settle the dispute in favor of the friars. The animosity lingered for many years.</p><br>
<p>The year before the Friars left, St. Philips had received a new rector, the Rev. Edward Clowes Chorley. He wrote a two-volume history of St. Philips and other churches and would, years later, serve as editor-in-chief of Anglican & Episcopal History. While in Garrison he oversaw the installation of electricity and gas lighting in the building and the introduction of a boys choir. Outside the church, Chorley oversaw the replacement of the original rectory in 1911, and then a sextons house six years later. All are today considered contributing properties to the National Register listing. During this time, he also helped to found Garrison&#39;s volunteer fire department.</p><br>
<p>A kindergarten was later established at the church until it was moved into the expanded school facilities in the 1960s, when the nursery school program was established. William Reisman, who began a 27-year tenure as rector that same year, modernized and redecorated many of the buildings, adding protective covers for the stained-glass windows. He also began adult education classes at the church and updated Chorley&#39;s history to the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Under his successor, Francis Geer, the current rector, the church has installed a new pipe organ and replaced the roof and interior floor of the parish house, used as a meeting for many of Garrison&#39;s community groups. A memorial garden has been built north of it, to serve as a greeting area after services.</p><br>
<p>Chantrey Inlet  is a bay on the Arctic coast of Canada. It marks the southeast "corner" where the generally east-west coast turns sharply north. To the west is the Adelaide Peninsula and to the east is mainland. King William Island shelters it to the northwest. If King William Island were not an island then Chantry Inlet, Rae Strait, Wellington Strait and James Ross Strait would be a single large bay. To the west the Simpson Strait separates King William Island from the Adelaide Peninsula. Its mouth is marked by Point Ogle on the west and Cape Britannia on the east. West of Point Ogle is Barrow Bay, Starvation Cove and Point Richardson. The Back River enters from the south. Near its mouth is a weather station on the Hayes River. Montreal Island is contained within the Inlet. It is 100 mi long and 50 mi wide at its mouth.</p><br>
<p>Chantrey Inlet is the historical territory of the Utkuhiksalik (the people of the place where there is soapstone), nomadic Inuit who lived in snowhouses (igloos) in the winter, tents in the summer, and whose diet centered on trout (lake trout and Arctic char), whitefish, and caribou. In 1834 George Back followed the Back River to its mouth and explored Chantrey Inlet. In 1839 Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson (explorer) reached it by sailing along the coast from the west. In the present day, sportsmen arrive in Chantrey Inlet by chartered bushplane for fishing.</p><br>
<p>West Kill Mountain, or Westkill Mountain, is located in Greene County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is named after the West Kill stream which flows along its northern side, and is part of the Devil&#39;s Path range of the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>To the east, West Kill Mountain faces Southwest Hunter Mountain across 800 ft Diamond Notch; to the west, West Kill faces North Dome across Mink Hollow.</p><br>
<p>West Kill Mountain stands within the watershed of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The north slopes drain into the West Kill, thence into Schoharie Creek, the Mohawk River, and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The southeast slopes of the mountain drain into Hollow Tree Brook, thence into Stony Clove Creek, Esopus Creek, and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The southwest slopes of West Kill Mountain drain into the Broadstreet Hollow stream, thence into Esopus Creek.</p><br>
<p>West Kill Mountain is contained within the Westkill Mountain Wilderness Area of New York&#39;s Catskill State Park.</p><br>
<p>The lost village of Coton is located around the environs of the hamlet of Coton and Coton Manor House in the English county of Northamptonshire.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lost village of Coton has an entry as an independent manor in the Domesday Book of 1086. Then the population was recorded as nine residents. Not much else is known after that survey about Coton until the 17th century when it was recorded that there were eight households paying the 1673 Hearth Tax. In 1791 there were 17 houses in the village. By 1839 this number had reduced to 15.</p><br>
<h2>Remains today</h2><br>
<p>Coton lies entirely along today’s single street that runs through the hamlet. On the western side of the street today there are no dwellings but in 1839 records show that there were six dwellings and a farm to the north of these; all have now been destroyed. Also the land between the main street and the valley below shows signs of paddocks, platforms and closes in the form of earthworks in the recent past. Unfortunately much of these earthworks have been ploughed out in recent times.</p><br>
<p>The Alviso Adobe Community Park is a 7 acre park in the city of Pleasanton, California, United States. It is built around an adobe house constructed in 1854 by Francisco Alviso on the Rancho Santa Rita Mexican Land Grant.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the park was initially planned to begin in 2000, but the city could not secure funding until 2007, when the $4.4 million project was finally begun. The park opened to the public with a grand-opening ceremony on October 25, 2008. Besides the adobe, which is furnished as it would have been in the 1920s, the park contains a replica of an old dairy and interpretive displays of Ohlone culture.</p><br>
<h2>Alviso adobe</h2><br>
<h3>1854 to 1969: from rancho to dairy</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1854 by Francisco Alviso (1818- ), the adobe was on the lands of the 8,894 acre Rancho Santa Rita, given in 1839 as a Mexican land grant to Jose Dolores Pacheco. Rancho Santa Rita was surrounded on the north by Rancho San Ramon (owned by Jose Maria Amador, Francisco Alvisos uncle) and on the east and south by Rancho Valle de San Jose (owned by Juan and Augustin Bernal and their brother-in-law Antonio Sunol). Franciso Alvisos father, Francisco Solano Alviso (1792- ), was once Pacheco&#39;s majordomo (ranch manager).</p><br>
<p>During the railroad boom period of the 1860s, Rancho Santa Rita was sub divided into fifteen smaller tracts of varying sizes.</p><br>
<p>The Alviso Adobe became the center of a "small" 200 acre farm overlooking the Amador Valley and was occupied by Francisco Alviso and his wife Maria Ysabel (1819- ) and their ten children. Alviso sold the property and land in 1872 to J. West Martin, a land speculator and later mayor of Oakland. Martin then resold it to Anthony Chabot, the "Water King". Census records indicate that the Alviso family continued to live there for almost 30 years until the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Afterwards in 1881, it was acquired by the Contra Costa Water Company and used by a succession of different tenant farmer families. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake damaged the building, leaving large cracks in the walls and chimney.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, it was purchased by Walter M. Briggs, who started the Meadowlark Dairy, the first certified dairy in California. He had the building renovated and used it as housing for his workers. The adobe continued to serve this purpose until 1969, when the dairy moved its operations to Tracy.</p><br>
<h3>Post-dairy developments</h3><br>
<p>The Briggs company sold the farm and adobe in 1966 to the Great Southwest Corporation, who wanted to build an amusement park on the site, but this was hotly contested by local residents and the plan was scrapped. The company then sold it to a real-estate development company. Most of the land was then converted to individual housing lots, but the adobe, which had been declared a California Historical Landmark in 1954, and a few acres were donated in 1993 to the city of Pleasanton.</p><br>
<p>The historical marker #510 originally read:</p><br>
<p>FRANCISCO SOLANO ALVISO ADOBE - This building, erected in 1844-46 by Francisco Solano Alviso, was the first adobe house to be built in the Pleasanton Valley. It was originally called Alisal—The Sycamores. Following the Battle of Sunol Canyon, General John C. Frémont withdrew to this building, which became his headquarters for several days.</p><br>
<p>However, in a 2000 report issued in preparation for the citys renovation plan, historians discovered several errors in the original plaque. Lastly, there is no evidence that John C. Frémont ever used the building or that a battle with local Indians ever occurred, as Frémonts memoirs place him in Santa Clara at the time. The historical marker has since been removed.</p><br>
<p>The current plaque at Alviso Adobe Community Park states that the building was built in 1854 and features a photo, circa 1900, of the Alviso Adobe with its tenant farmer family who lived there from 1898 to 1917.</p><br>
<p>The 2000 Master Plan for the Alviso Adobe Community Park included a 39-foot replica of the white grain silo on the east side of the re-created Meadowlark Dairy. Objections from the local residents caused the planners and the city to revise the master plan and eliminate the silo from the park.</p><br>
<p>Cubagua or Isla de Cubagua is the smallest and least populated of the three islands constituting the Venezuelan state of Nueva Esparta, after Isla Margarita and Coche. It is located 16 km north of Araya Peninsula, the closest mainland area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Topography</h3><br>
<p>The island is 9.2 by in size, an elliptical shape with the longer axis east-west. Its area is 22.438 km². The coast consists of some beaches as well as cliffs from 5 to 7 m high in the south and from 20 to 24 m high in the north. The highest elevation of the flat-topped island reaches 32 m.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>It is dry and lacks surface water bodies (the only freshwater is found in small underground reservoirs). Annual precipitation is 250 mm, which is the value of a dry desert. Temperatures are close to 25 &deg;C year-round with little fluctuation.</p><br>
<h3>Vegetation</h3><br>
<p>The desert-like (xerophytic) vegetation of the essentially barren island includes a number of cactus species such as Cardón de Dato (Ritterocereus griseus), Buche, Melón de Cerro, Sabana o Monte (Melocactus caesius), Guamacho (Pereskia guamacho), and Opuntia tuna as well as a few legumes (family Fabaceae) such as Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), Divi-divi (Caesalpinia coriaria), Poorman’s Friend (Stylosanthes viscosa), and the Sangre Drago (Croton flavens).</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The island has small populations of hares, feral goats and a large population of dogs.</p><br>
<h3>Transportation</h3><br>
<p>The island of Cubagua has no streets or roads. It is served by ferries and other boats from Punta de Piedras, the capital of the municipality of Tubores located 8 km to the northeast on Isla Margarita. The passage takes less than 2 hours. The boat landing pier is located at the eastern end of Playa Charagato, the main settlement of Cubagua.</p><br>
<p>A lighthouse marking Punta Charagato lies in the northeast to aid the Isla Margarita ferry and another lighthouse is situated at Punta Brasil in the northwest to aid the ferries of Punta de Piedras and Puerto la Cruz.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first human settlement on Cubagua has been dated to 2325 BC, a time within the Meso-Indian Period (5000-1000 BC).</p><br>
<p>In 1498, Cubagua was discovered by Christopher Columbus. In 1528, Cristóbal Guerra founded the city of Nueva Cádiz, the first settlement to hold the title of "city" in Venezuela. The city became a synonym for the suppression by the Hispanic Conquistadores in South America. Nueva Cádiz, which reached a population between 1000 and 1500, was destroyed in an earthquake followed by a tsunami in 1541. The ruins have been declared a National Monument of Venezuela in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Cubagua is part of the municipality of Tubores, one of 11 municipalities of the state of Nueva Esparta.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Human activity dates from the 24th century BC, but the first people did not settle here in a permanent fashion. Instead the island was used as a source of oysters, for food, and for pearls. The lack of vegetation or fresh water made permanent settlement nearly impossible. Today the island still has temporary fisherman, but few to no permanent residents.</p><br>
<p>According to an unofficial population census conducted by the Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural in August 2007, the island had 51 residents of which 19 were children. The population resides in the following 4 communities in the island&#39;s northwest:</p><br>
<p>Playa Falucho</p><br>
<p>Playa Charagato (the largest settlement)</p><br>
<p>Punta Charagato</p><br>
<p>Punta la Cabecera (close to the ruins Nueva Cádiz)</p><br>
<p>In addition, on some maps a settlement called Punta Arenas appears in the Southwest. Satellite images reveal about 5 buildings at that site. A small settlement of about 4 buildings can be made out about midway between Punta La Horca (the westernmost point of Cubagua) and Punta Arenas south of Punta El Lamparo. A pair of buildings can be seen on the southern bay of Manglecito just east of Punta Manglecito.</p><br>
<p>The population exceeds 300 during the year when seasonal fishermen from the Venezuelan mainland state of Sucre are included.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In 2015, Venezuelan director Jorge Thielen Armand made a short documentary about the island of Cubagua, Flor de la Mar.</p><br>
<p>The lost village of Onley is located within the parish of Barby in the English county of Northamptonshire. The site is bordered on the north by the M45 motorway. On the east are Onley and Rye Hill prisons, and on the south-west is the A45 road. The Oxford Canal and the disused trackbed of the Great Central Railway run close to the eastern boundary.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village of Onley has no mention in any records yet discovered until 1272 and was presumed to be included under entries for Barby in taxation records before this date. In 1272 the village was recorded as being in the possession of George de Cantelupe along with the manor of Barby. The entry records that ‘Virgates in villeinage are valued at 9 shilling per annum’. Records in 1345 make reference to ‘Tenements in Onle’, which may imply that at that time the village was still viable. There is no further record of Onley until the early part of the 18th century when the village was described as only a hamlet of seven shepherds&#39; houses, which implies that the site had become pasture land for sheep. Records of 1841 show that 19 people lived on the site of Onley in five scattered farms which still exist on the land to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Remains today</h2><br>
<p>The earthwork remains of today lie either side of a stream that runs from south to west across the site with the north-eastern end of the stream now in a culvert. The whole area of the village site covers 28 hectares with much of the earthworks well preserved. There is some difficulty in interpreting some of the earthworks due to the site being over ploughed in narrow ridge and furrow which has smoothed and flattened some of the earthworks of the village. The features of this site combine to make Onley lost village one of the most important sites of this kind in the country, despite the lack of documentation.</p><br>
<p>Old Main is an academic building on the campus of Wayne State University. It is located at 4841 Cass Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan, on Wayne&#39;s main campus.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Old Main is located on the southwest corner of the intersection of Cass and Warren Ave. in the busy Midtown area of Detroit. Old Main is situated at the southern end of the main campus of Wayne State University, across Warren from the Science Building and just north of the colleges Hilberry Theater. It stands approximately 1.5 miles north of downtown Detroit, one block west of the citys main street, Woodward Avenue, and within less than a mile of three of Detroit&#39;s major freeways, the Chrysler (I-75), the Lodge (M-10), and the Ford (I-94).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building now known as Old Main was originally built as Detroit&#39;s Central High School. Construction of the building began on December 13, 1894. It was built over a three-year period out of brick and limestone quarried from the land directly in front of it. The structure was designed by architects Malcomson & Higginbotham and contained 103 classrooms, laboratories, offices, and space for 2,000 students. The building cost $573,345.13, most of which was paid for by state appropriations and an emergency building fund campaign.</p><br>
<p>Central High School moved to this new location from its previous home in the former Michigan State Capitol building in downtown Detroits Capitol Park, which had burned down in 1893. Central High began classes here in 1896 as the building neared completion. As the number of students grew, a large wing was added to the rear of the building in 1908. In 1913 the high school began offering some college-level courses, and in 1917 the new two-year Detroit Junior College began to operate in the building. In 1923 this would become the four-year degree granting College of the City of Detroit, one of the main precursor institutions of todays Wayne State University.</p><br>
<p>By 1926 the building had become overcrowded and Central High School was moved to its present location at 2425 Tuxedo St. The building was then given over entirely to the college and was renamed as the Main Building. As the college has grown around it and evolved, first to Wayne University in 1934, and then to Wayne State University in 1956, the building came to be affectionately known as "Old Main".</p><br>
<p>As time has passed, many modifications and repairs have been made to the aging structure. During the 1930s and 1940s, new walls, rooms, and other changes were made inside the building. The clock in the tower was replaced in 1934, along with the rest of the building&#39;s clocks that were linked to it. The building was enlarged with a new wing along the Warren Ave. side in 1937. By the 1980s though, falling ceilings, peeling paint, vandalism, a fire, plumbing failures, leaking roofs, and deferred maintenance had taken their toll on Old Main. To remedy the situation Wayne State University launched a fund raising campaign in 1995, and later sought state assistance. As a result, large-scale renovations of the structure were begun that year. Electrical and mechanical systems were replaced, and much of the building restored to its original look.</p><br>
<p>Today, the renovated Old Main serves as the home of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences of Wayne State University as well as accommodating many other classes in a wide variety of subjects. Old Main now reflects the University&#39;s history, growth and development, and is widely seen as the symbol of Wayne State University.</p><br>
<h2>Courses and departments located in Old Main</h2><br>
<h3>Basement</h3><br>
<p>Planetarium</p><br>
<h4>Department of Geology</h4><br>
<p>Office of the Department of Geology</p><br>
<p>Mineralogy/Petrology Lab</p><br>
<p>Audio Tutorial Lab (Geology 1010 Lab)</p><br>
<p>Structural/Geomorphology Lab</p><br>
<p>Mineral Collections</p><br>
<h3>1st floor</h3><br>
<h4>Museum of Anthropology</h4><br>
<p>Map Room</p><br>
<p>Library</p><br>
<p>Museum office</p><br>
<p>Archaeology Laboratory</p><br>
<h4>Department of Music</h4><br>
<p>Schaver Music Recital hall</p><br>
<p>Recording Studio</p><br>
<h3>2nd Floor</h3><br>
<h4>College of Liberal Arts and Sciences</h4><br>
<h4>College of Fine Performing and Communication Arts</h4><br>
<p>Maggie Allesee Department of Dance</p><br>
<p>Department of Art and Art History (Partial)</p><br>
<h4>College of Fine Performing and Communication Arts: Fashion and Design</h4><br>
<p>Textile Lab</p><br>
<p>Clothing Design</p><br>
<p>Dorothea June Grossbart Historic Costume Collection</p><br>
<h4>Department of Art and Art History</h4><br>
<p>Interior Design</p><br>
<p>Interiors Library</p><br>
<p>Interior Studio</p><br>
<p>Interior Lighting Lab</p><br>
<p>Fibers</p><br>
<p>Fiber Dye Lab</p><br>
<p>Weaving Studio</p><br>
<p>Fiber Studio</p><br>
<h4>Department of Music</h4><br>
<p>Music Technology Lab</p><br>
<p>Piano Lab</p><br>
<p>Prof. Poole Memorial Orchestral Library</p><br>
<p>Large Ensemble Rehearsal Room</p><br>
<p>Jazz Rehearsal Room</p><br>
<h3>3rd Floor</h3><br>
<h4>Department of Art and Art History</h4><br>
<p>Painting</p><br>
<p>Drawing</p><br>
<p>Graphic Design</p><br>
<p>Interdisciplinary Electronic Arts</p><br>
<h4>Department of Theatre</h4><br>
<p>Computer Labs</p><br>
<p>Two Theatre Movement Studios</p><br>
<p>Design Studios</p><br>
<h4>Department of Dance</h4><br>
<p>Dance Studios</p><br>
<h3>4th Floor</h3><br>
<p>Music Department Practice Rooms</p><br>
<h4>Department of Film and Media Arts & Studies</h4><br>
<p>Editing Suites</p><br>
<p>TV Studio & Control Room</p><br>
<h4>Department of Photography</h4><br>
<p>Photography Computer Lab</p><br>
<p>Photography Studios</p><br>
<p>Photography Dark Room</p><br>
<p>Photography Lab</p><br>
<p>Lyon Hall, also known as the Lyon-Lamar House, is a historic Greek Revival mansion in Demopolis, Alabama, United States. It was built over a period of three years by George Gaines Lyon and his wife, Anne Glover Lyon. Lyon was an attorney and the nephew of Francis Strother Lyon, who maintained a residence nearby at Bluff Hall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Lyon began construction on the house in 1850, it would continue until 1853. Upon completion of the house, they traveled to New York City to furnish it. Lyon descendants lived in the house until the death of George Gaines Lyon Lamar in 1996. The house was donated to the Marengo County Historical Society in May 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-story wooden frame structure, sided with clapboard. The front portico features six two-story square columns, constructed in brick with a stucco finish. These columns are very similar to Bluff Hall. The upper balcony spans the entire width of the house and is attached to the columns. The roof is hipped and features a small belvedere at the summit.</p><br>
<p>Indian Head Mountain is a mountain located in the southeast corner of Greene County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain, named for the appearance of its profile, is part of the Devil&#39;s Path range of the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>To the northwest, Indian Head is separated from Twin Mountain by Jimmy Dolan Notch; to the southeast, Indian Head is flanked by Plattekill Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Indian Head Mountain stands within the watershed of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The north side of Indian Head drains into the headwaters of Schoharie Creek, thence into the Mohawk River, and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The southwest and south sides of Indian Head drain into Saw Kill, thence into Esopus Creek, and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The east end of Indian Head is drained by Plattekill Creek in Plattekill Clove, which runs down the Catskill Escarpment, and into Esopus Creek just above Glenerie Falls.</p><br>
<p>Indian Head Mountain is contained within New York&#39;s Catskill State Park.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is the easternmost summit on the Devil&#39;s Path hiking trail.</p><br>
<p>The Long Path, a 350 mi long-distance hiking trail through southeastern New York, is contiguous with this stretch of the Devil&#39;s Path.</p><br>
<p>Demopolis Town Square, currently officially known as Confederate Park, is a historic park in the city of Demopolis, Alabama, United States. It is one of the oldest public squares in the state. Demopolis had its beginnings in 1817 with the Vine and Olive Colony and the park was established in 1819. The park covers one city block, bounded by Main, Capitol, Walnut, and Washington Streets.</p><br>
<p>The park was renamed "Confederate Park" in 1923, at request of United Daughters of the Confederacy.</p><br>
<p>The park contains several historic structures, including a Victorian-era gazebo near the corner of Walnut Avenue and Washington Street, the Demopolis City Hall, built in 1869–70 as a courthouse annex, and the old Presbyterian Church, built in 1843 and now known as Rooster Hall. The former church served as the Marengo County Courthouse from 1868 until 1871, when the county seat was temporarily moved from Linden. The park was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 29 November 1975.</p><br>
<p>Yates Mill is a fully restored, circa 1756 gristmill located five miles  south of downtown Raleigh, North Carolina. It is the centerpiece of Historic Yates Mill County Park, in central Wake County. The park features the restored mill; a visitor center with a museum focused on milling and on the natural history of the area, classrooms, an auditorium and space for research conducted by North Carolina State University faculty and students; a 20 acre lake; and extensive hiking trails. The park is managed as a native wildlife refuge with a mission to study and interpret the park&#39;s cultural, natural and agricultural heritage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Yates Mill, one of the oldest buildings in Wake County, is the regions only surviving operable gristmill. For nearly 200 years the water-powered mill produced lumber, milled corn and wheat, and carded wool. The land on which the mill is situated was surveyed for Samuel Pearson in October 1756, and granted to him by the Earl of Granville, one of the North Carolina colonys Lord Proprietors. The original mill was built around at that time. Pearson steadily increased his land holdings, and owned more than 600 acre at the time of his death in 1802. In 1819, accumulated debts forced Pearson’s son, Simon, to sell the mill and its surrounding acreage at a sheriff&#39;s auction. William Boylan, a prominent Raleigh businessman and director of the State Bank, bought the property, and over the next 30 years modernized the mill several times, adding a sawmill in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>In 1853 Thomas Briggs, John Primrose and James Penny acquired the mill. A decade later, in the midst of the Civil War, the partners sold the mill and surrounding 94 acre to Phares and Roxanna Yates, James Pennys son-in-law and daughter. Pennys involvement in the murder of a Mr. Franklin may have brought on the sale. According to legend, Franklin was a Northern sympathizer who Penny killed for not paying a $700 mill debt. In 1865, Franklins widow supposedly told Federal troops occupying Raleigh that her husbands death was due to his support for the Union. The soldiers tried to burn the mill by setting fire to the entrance. Charred wooden beams today attest to the unsuccessful attempt.</p><br>
<p>Yates and his descendants operated the mill until 1948, when businessman A. E. Finley acquired the property. Finley constructed a retreat lodge by the millpond for the use of his family and employees. Due to lack of demand, however, the old mill was closed in 1953. Ten years later, North Carolina State University acquired the property, consolidating it into a larger tract to be used as an experimental farm. The mill was mainly used for storage until 1989, when Yates Mill Associates was incorporated to marshal its restoration. The mill narrowly escaped destruction in 1996, when rains unleashed by Hurricane Fran burst its 250-year-old stone dam. In 1996, Yates Mill Associates and Wake County Parks, Recreation and Open Space unveiled a public-private partnership to rehabilitate the dam and mill as part of a 574 acre historic and environmental park. Yates Mill is now a designated Raleigh Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The mill stood vacant for several years until Yates Mill Associates, Inc. began restoration efforts in 1988. The mill is an example of the Oliver Evans type of grist mill and has been restored to its state as of the mid-19th century. Both the corn and wheat grinding machinery have been restored. Several corn grindings have been held since the mill officially opened to the public on May 20, 2006. The mill is frequently open for historic tours and corn grinding is demonstrated on specific days.</p><br>
<p>Yates Mill Associates, Inc. restored the mill with donations from governmental agencies, North Carolina State University, foundations, corporations and private citizens. North Carolina State University provided 154 acre on a long-term lease and will use the park for ongoing natural history research.</p><br>
<p>Wake County purchased 16 acre to add to the park and The North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services have provided access to an adjacent parcel of about 400 acre for park use. The Wake County Parks, Recreation and Open Space Department oversaw the development of this 574 acre park. The County supervised the construction of the A.E. Finley Center for Education and Research, and provides the personnel and support needed to operate the park. Yates Mill Associates organizes and finances the maintenance of the mill and its demonstration using private donations and volunteer help.</p><br>
<p>Ross Priory is an early 19th-century country house located west of Gartocharn, West Dunbartonshire, on the south shore of Loch Lomond, Scotland. From the 14th century the estate, known as The Ross, was owned by a branch of the Buchanan family of Buchanan Castle, who built a house here in 1695. The present house is the result of remodelling by James Gillespie Graham and was complete in 1816. The term "priory" does not imply ecclesiastical provenance, but is simply a 19th-century romantic affectation. Sir Walter Scott spent time at Ross Priory in the years following the rebuilding. It was owned by subsequent members of the Leith-Buchanan family until the later 20th century. In 1973 it was sold to Strathclyde University and now serves as a recreational and conference centre.</p><br>
<p>Ross Priory is protected as a category A listed building, and the grounds are included on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of Ross Priory began with the Buchanan Clan during the 11th century. A dwelling is known to have existed on the site from as early as 1693. It is reported that in 1745 the Buchanans were cursed by the Marquess of Tullibardine, who, in the aftermath of the Battle of Culloden asked James Leith-Buchanan, 5th of Ross, for shelter at the Priory but was instead betrayed and given over to King George&#39;s men. Tullibardine cursed them with the utterance:</p><br>
<p>The Marquesss curse came to pass when, in 1925, the Leith-Buchanans male line finally died out and the house was leased to Major George J.H. Christie, a veteran of World War I, remaining in the familys possession until shortly after the Majors death. Christie was responsible for the development and cultivation of the Priory&#39;s surrounding gardens. The Priory was sold to the University of Strathclyde in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Ross Priory has been described as a Scottish Gothic style country house. It was designed in 1812 by Dunblane-born architect James Gillespie Graham (1776-1855) as an extensive remodelling of the site&#39;s existing farmhouse. Ross Priory comprises approximately 200 acre of land and includes a formal garden, parkland, a burial ground and golf course.</p><br>
<h2>Famous Visitors</h2><br>
<p>Sir Walter Scott is said to have taken inspiration for his Waverley Novels from impressions formed during annual visits to the Priory. A room on the first floor is named for him.</p><br>
<h2>Current Use</h2><br>
<p>Ross Priory is now commonly used for meetings and entertainment by staff and graduates of Strathclyde University, as well as being a wedding venue. Its surrounding gardens, woodlands and parkland are open as part of Scotland&#39;s Gardens Scheme.</p><br>
